1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. SABS 0120 : Part 3 Section D-1982 Earthworks (As amended 1988) Clause 1 . 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1 . 1 . 4 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3
4、.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.3.9 2 . 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 3 . 4 . 4.1 5 . 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 PART 3 : GUIDANCE FOR DESIGN SECTION D CONTENTS PRE-TENDER CONSIDERATIONS Investigations . . Materials for foundations for structures Existing underground servi Existing servitudes or way Safeguarding . Admi
5、nistration . Rights of way and rights o Tenders Documentation es eaves . . . occupation . . . Servitudes. etc Standardized specifications and project specification Shoring and safeguarding . . Seepage into excavations Road traffic control and accommodation of traffic . Provision for dealing with pol
6、lution by stormwater Topsoil Transport Schedule . DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Precautions Barricades . Warning lights . Blasting Advice APPLICABILITY OF OTHER CODES . TEST PROCEDURES General . QUALITY CONTROL AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Lessons from Design Failures . Disputes . Method of classifying Safeguardi
7、ng . Other sources of disputes First Revision March 1982 Reprint 1988 Incorporating Amendment No . 1 : 8 June 1988 This section of the code supersedes SABS 0120 : Part 3 : Section D-1979 Approved by the COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS Page Number ISBN 0-626-08062-2 SABS 0120 : Part
8、3 Section 0-1982 Earthworks Amendment No. 1 : 8 June 1988 SABS 1200 D : EARTHWORKS NOTE: The clause number(s) given at the beginning or after the heading of a clause is/are, unless otherwise stated, the number(s) of the relevant clause(s) of SABS 1200 D. PRE-TENDER CONSIDERATIONS INVESTIGATIONS Mate
9、rials for Foundations for Structures (Subclause 3.2.1). Note that SABS 1200 D does not necessarily provide for embankments suitable for use as foundations for structures. Where the construction of structures, or parts of structures, on fill cannot be avoided, test the materials available and design
10、the particular foun- dations and specify them fully from the bottom of fill upwards. Existing Underground Services (Subclause 5.1.2). Pay particular attention to investigating the positions of existing services where it is important that their exact location be known for the purpose of the construct
11、ion of the works or the relocation of other services, or both. (See also Subclause 1.3.4 of Section A.) Existing Servitudes or Wayleaves. Establish the boundaries of existing servitudes or wayleaves across or adjoining the area(s) to be affected-by the works. (See also 1.3.1 below.) Safeguarding. In
12、vestigate the stability of structures and services that may be affected adversely by the excavations for the works and, when appropriate, take action as described in Subclause 3.2.2 of Section D of Part 2 of the code. (See also 1.3.3 below.) Where damage may occur as a result of blasting, inspect vu
13、lnerable structures and, when appropriate, take action in terms of Subclause 3.2.3 of Section D of Part 2 of the code. ADMINISTRATION Rights of Way and Rights of Occupation. Ensure that all rights of way and of occu- pation have been secured before tenders are invited. Tenders. Ensure that before th
14、e start of construction, action has been taken in the matters set out in (a) and (b) of Subclause 3.1.2 of the Introduction. I DOCUMENTATION Servitudes, etc. Where and as applicable take action in terms of Subclause 1.3.1 of Section DB. Standardized Specifications and Project Specification SABS 1200
15、 Cl) (Subclause 2.1). Do not include SABS 1200 Cl) in the contract where site clearance is not required for the project, as may be the case when the project covers extensions to existing works or facilities. Project Specification. Frame project specification clauses to deal with the rele- vant matte
16、rs set out in Clauses 1, 2 and 3 of Section D of Part 2 of the code. Shoring and Safeguarding (Subclause 5.1.1.2) Priced items a) Ensuring the safety of his excavations is important to the contractor because a collapse will cause him considerable immediate administrative problems in that materials (
17、timber or pipes) may be damaged, his work will be disrupted, replacement of injured staff may be necessary, and a collapse may even lead to litigation. For these reasons there is justification for assuming that the contractors price for excavation covers the cost of shoring in those areas where he c
18、annot excavate in such a way as to make the maximum use of safe slopes (frequently the cheapest method). b) Note that in normal circumstances, the engineer should not instruct the contrac- tor (or any of his employees) whether to slope or to shore. 1)Site clearance. SABS 0120 : Part 3 Section D-1982
19、 Earthworks Amendment No. 1 : 8 June 1988 c) Note also that where a price for shoring has been tendered, the engineer cannot, except where he has designed the shoring, order the method of construction because he does not know details of the contractors design, what materials and equipment are availa
20、ble, or the level of competence of the contractors workmen. d) Subclause 8.3.7 of SABS 1200 D provides scope to obtain a price (or prices) from the contractor to cover such additional lateral support as is likely to be needed in particular areas or lengths of the excavations where problems may arise
21、. Such shoring will be designed by the contractor, and paid for as set out in Sub- clause 8.3.7(a). 1.3.3.2 Provisional items or sums a) For the reasons set out in Subclause 3.2.2.2 of Section D of Part 5 of the code, do not include in the schedule a provisional item to cover a situation in which, b
22、ecause the degree of lateral support provided by the contractor is thought to be unsatisfactory or because of a difference of opinion, additional lateral sup- port say be ordered at the expense of the employer in the interest of safety. b) Where it is considered that shoring may become necessary to
23、protect a particular structure or underground service but, at the tender stage, it is not possible to provide sufficient details for the contractor to price the shoring, provide in the schedule for a provisional sum to cover the cost of shoring and state in the pro- ject specification that the shori
24、ng work carried out under the relevant item will be paid for as set out in Subclause 8.3.7(b) of SABS 1200 D. c) Note that the design and detailing of the shoring referred to in (b) above may be carried out by the engineer or by the contractor or jointly by both at the discretion of the engineer. 1.
25、3.4 See a e into Excavations (Subclause 5.1.3). Where the nature of the ground and sub!o?l and of the project is such that a water flow rate greater than 12 g/s (see Subclause 3.2.5 of Section D of Part 5 of the code) is likely, state the problem in the project specification and ensure that the sche
26、dule will enable the contrac- tor to price separately or accordingly. 1.3.5 Road Traffic Control and Accommodation of Traffic (Subclauses 4.3 and 5.1.6 and see also Subclause 1.3.3 of Section Mul . When the solution to the problem is likely to be costly consider schedulin! as a sum an item for maint
27、aining access to / site. 1.3.6 Provision for Dealing with Pollution by Stormwater (Subclauses 5.1.3 and 5.1.4.2). During construction the sequence of earthworks should be such as to minimize the occurrence of soil erosion. Stormwater runoff from earthworks creates a source of sediment pollution of n
28、atural streams in developed areas. The polluted runoff from excavations should not be allowed to flow directly into public streams but should first be collected in ponds (specially constructed if necessary) on the site to allow suspended matter to settle out. In terms of Subclauses 5.5 and 5.6 of SA
29、BS 1200 k2) or Subclause 5.3 of SABS 1200 AA), as ap licable, and Subclause 5.1.3 of SABS 1200 D or Subclause Z1 5.1.4 of SABS 1200 DA 1, as applicable, the contractor is required to deal with stormwater by ( inter a1 ia) a) as far as practicable, keeping the stormwater that falls on the high side o
30、f his works away from his working area; b) leading away the stormwater that falls on the working areas to keep them dry enough for construction work to proceed; and c) taking steps to prevent water that is discharged from the site from polluting the natural streams. Subclause 5.1.4.2 of SABS 1200 D
31、specifically requires that the contractor avoid the creation of ponds in borrow areas. Where the location of the works is such that the pollution of streams is a serious risk, make provision in the schedule for the construction of settlement ponds. 1.3.7 Topsoil. (Subclause 5.2.4.2). Where the placi
32、ng of topsoil is required, ensure that provision is made in the project specification and the schedule for sufficient material to be excavated and stockpiled before bulk excavation is commenced. (See also 1.3.9.2 below.) 2)General. 3)General (small works). 4)Earthworks (small works). SABS 0120 : Par
33、t 3 Section D-1982 Earthworks Amendment No. 1 : 8 June 1988 Transport (Subclause 5.2.5). Provide cross-sections of earthworks and borehole results to enable the contractor to prepare his mass haul diagram. Schedule General. Take into account the observations and recommendations given in 1.3.9.2 belo
34、w when drawing up the part of the schedule covering clearing and stripping of the site, conservation of topsoil and removal of overburden. Clearing and stripping of site, conservation of topsoil and removal of overburden a) Site clearance in terms of Subclauses 5.3 and 5.4 of SABS 1200 cl) covers th
35、e removal of all vegetation (including trees) and the grubbing out of roots in addition to the removal of other specified obstructions. In practice such an opera- tion may result in the removal of a small quantity of the surface soil and the disposal of the materials removed, either as required in t
36、erms of Subclause 5.2.2.3 of SABS 1200 D or off-site or by burying. (See item .l of Section D of Part 4 of the code.) b) Stripping of site as specified in Subclause 5.2.1.1 of SABS 1200 D covers the same operations as those referred to in (a) above, together with the more or less simultaneous remova
37、l of any surface soil up to a depth not exceeding 150 mm, and the disposal of the materials removed, either as required in terms of Subclause 5.2.2.3 of SABS 1200 D or off-site or by burying. (See item .l of Section D of Part 4 of the code). c) The conservation of topsoil or its removal to stockpile
38、 and conservation for subsequent re-use, as specified in Subclause 5.2.1.2 of SABS 1200 D, covers the removal of a specified depth of at least 150 mm of topsoil after the contractor has completed site clearance as specified in Subsection 5.3 and 5.4 of SABS 1200 cl). The removal of the specified dep
39、th of topsoil implies its removal complete with such minor roots, leaves, etc., as are lying on the surface, and the storage of the mixture of such materials in a stockpile or in windrows, as specified. As such an operation is an alternative to the stripping of the site, do not require the contracto
40、r to carry out both operations over the same area. (See item .2.1 of Section D of Part 4 of the code.) d) Removal of overburden as specified in Subclause 5.2.1.3 of SABS 1200 D may be regarded as separate from any of the operations referred to in (a)-(c) above and may be carried out subsequent to th
41、e completion of any one of them. Schedule this operation as an item under “excavation“. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PRECAUTIONS Barricades (Subclause 5.1.1.l(a). The 600 mm height specified for barriers is required in terms of the Machinery and Occupational Safety Act, 1983 (Act 6 of 1983). I Warning Lights
42、 (Subclause 5.1.1.l(b). Although continuous reflective tape has been accepted by a number of authorities in lieu of red warning lights, the Machi- nery and Occupational Safety Act makes no such provision. I BLASTING ADVICE (Subclause 5.1.1.3). Before deciding whether to specify that holes be drilled
43、 inclined, or to specify limits of overdrilling, or to require controlled blasting by presplitting techniques, study Subclause 3.2.4 of Section D of Part 5 of the code, which gives advice on blasting. APPLICABILITY OF OTHER CODES SABS 01615) contains a section covering earthworks and excavations, bu
44、t the recom- mendations and requirements set out in this code and in anv standardized specifica- tion take precedence over recommendations given in SABS 0161. TEST PROCEDURES GENERAL. Except where otherwise specified, use the applicable in TMH 16). 1)See p.1. 5)The design of foundations for building
45、s. 6)Standard methods of testing road construction materials, published by test procedures given the NITRR. SABS 0120 : Part 3 Section D-1982 . Earthworks Amendment No. 1 : 8 June 1988 5. QUALITY CONTROL AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 LESSONS FROM DESIGN FAILURES. Subclause 5.1.2 of SABS 1200 D has be
46、en framed spe- cifically to clarify the respective responsibilities in regard to dealing with existing services because the identification of these services, and the decision on how to deal with them are regarded as the design engineers responsibility on any earthworks project that is likely to affe
47、ct existing services. 5.2 DISPUTES 5.2.1 Method of Classifyin . It is recognized that no method of classifying earthworks is perfect. Therefore, ?n order to standardize the classification of bulk earthworks throughout the Republic, Subclause 3.1.1 of SABS 1200 D has been framed in the same terms as
48、the specifications of the Directorate National Roads (DNR). Should theDNR,attheinstigationoftheSouthAfricanFederationofCiviltngineering I Contractors, introduce amendments to the classification, the method specified in SABS 1200 D will probably also be amended. The principles underlying the DNR clas
49、sifications have been applied to classifications of restricted earthworks by the use of smaller and different plant, this class of earthworks being of less importance and significance in road construction than it is in most other types of engineering construction. 5.2.2 Safeguarding. See Subclause 3.2.2.2 of Section D of Part 5 of the code. 5.2.3 Other Sources of Disputes. Subclauses 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 of SABS 1200 D have been framed specifically to minimize the possibility of disputes arising on earthworks contracts. ISBN 0-626-08062-2 sabs pta
