1、- MIL -HDBK-2089 m 9999970 0250735 393 m NOT MEASUREMENT - SENSITTVE MIL-HDBK-2089 30 May 1997 SUPERSEDING 21 July 1981 MIL-STD-2089 MILITARY HANDBOOK AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY TERMS This handbook is for guidance only. Do not cite this document as a requirement. AMSC N/A FSC 15GP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
2、 A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-2089 - - FOREWORD 1. This handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. This handbook
3、 is for guidance only. This handbook cannot be cited as a requirement. If it is, the contractor does not have to comply. 3. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to Commander, Naval Air Wa
4、rfare Center, Aircraft Division, Code 414100B120-3, Highway 547, Lakehurst, NJ 08733, by using the Standardization Document Improvement Proposal OD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 11 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
5、rom IHS-,-,-PARAGRAPH 1 . 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 . 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 3 . 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 MIL-HDBK-2089 CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD . 11 SCOPE . 1 Scope . 1 Application 1 Aircraft-air vehicle 1 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS . 1 General 1 Government documents 1 Other Governmen
6、t documents, drawings and publications 1 Order of precedence 2 Specifications. standards and handbooks 1 3.1.10 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14 3.1.15 3.1.16 3.1.17 3.1.18 3.1.19 3.1.20 3.1.21 3.1.22 DEFINITIONS . 2 Definitions of key terms 2 Aircraft probability of kill . 2 Aircraft probability of surv
7、ival . 2 Aircraft survivability assessment 2 Aircraft vulnerability assessment 2 Damagekill cntena . 2 Deflagration . 2 Detonation . 2 Explosion 2 Explosive . 3 Hardening 3 Passive countermeasures . 3 Reduction of detection 3 Survivability 3 Survivability enhancement 3 Survivability enhancement trad
8、eoffs . i . 3 System response 3 Target lethality criteria 3 Threats . 4 Threat mechanisms 4 Threat negation 4 High explosive 3 Susceptibility . 3 iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-2089 9999970 0250738 OT2 = PARAGRAPH MIL-HD
9、BK-2089 . CONTENTS PAGE 3.1.23 Vulnerability . 4 3.1.24 Vulnerability reduction . 4 4 . 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 GENERAL REOUIREMENTS . 4 Categorization of the survivability discipline . 4 Location of terms and definitions . 10 Specification of terms and definitions . 11 Use of the standardized terms and def
10、initions 11 5 . DETAILED REOUIREMENTS 11 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.1.1 5.1.1.1.1 5.1.1.1.2 5.1.1.1.3 5.1.1.1.4 5.1.1.1.5 5.1.1.1.6 5.1.1.1.7 5.1.1.1.8 5.1.1.1.9 5.1.1.1.10 5.1.1.1.11 5.1.1.1.12 5.1.1.2 5.1.1 -2.1 5.1.1.2.2 5.1.1.2.3 5.1.1.2.4 5.1.1.2.5 5.1.1.2.6 5.1.1 -2.7 5.1.1.2.8 5.1.1.2.9 5.1.1 -2.10 5.1.1
11、-2.11 5.1.1.2.12 Topical field term: Threats . 11 Subfield term: Threat characteristics 12 Subfield term: Threat types . 13 Conventional weapon 13 Projectile . 13 Small arms . 14 Anti-aircraft artillery (4AA) . 14 Missile . 14 Air-to-air missile (AAh4J 15 Surface-to-air missile (SAM) 15 SAM launch a
12、nd guidance equipment 16 Airborne interceptor (AI) 16 Warhead 16 Non-terminal electromagnetic threats . 17 High energy laser (HEL) . 17 Subfield term: Warhead (or laser) descriptors . 17 Warhead fuze . 18 High-explosive charge 18 Shaped charge . 19 Ball-type projectile 19 Armor-piercing projectile (
13、AP) . 19 Armor-piercing incendiary projectile (AP-I) 19 High explosive projectile (HE) . 20 High explosive incendiary projectile (HE-I) . 20 High explosive incendiary tracer projectile (HE-I-T) . 20 Fragmenting case 20 Continuous rod warhead . 21 Delivered energy distribution ED) 21 iv Provided by I
14、HSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-HDBK-2089 = 9999970 0250739 T39 . MIL-HDBK-2089 CONTENTS - PARAGRAPH 5.1.1.3 5.1.1.3.1 5.1.1.3.2 5.1.1.3.3 5.1.1.3.4 5.1.1.3.5 5.1.1.3.6 5.1.1.3.7 5.1.2 5.1.2.1 5.1.2.1 . 1 5.1.2.1.2 5.1.2.1.3 5.1.2.2 5.1.2.2.1
15、 5.1.2.2.2 5.1.2.2.4 5.1.2.2.5 5.1.2.2.6 5.1.2.2.7 5.1.2.2.8 5.1.2.2.9 5.1.2.2.10 5.1.2.2.1 1 5.1.2.2.12 5.1.2.2.13 5.1.2.2.14 5.1.2.2.15 5.1.2.2.16 5.1.3 5.1.3.1 5.1.3.1.1 5.1.3.1.2 5.1.3.1.3 5.1.3.1.4 5.1.3.1.5 5.1.3.1.6 5.1.2.2.3 Subfield term: Threat mechanisms . 21 Blast 22 Penetrator 22 Fragme
16、nt . 22 Tracer 22 Incendiary 22 Electromagnetic flux . 22 Power . 22 Subfield term: Threat operations 22 Subfield term: Environmental factors 24 Threat mobility 24 Locational adaptability 24 Weather capability 24 Subfield term: FiringAaunch capabilities . 24 Initial reaction time . 25 Firinglaunch e
17、nvelope 25 Intercept envelope . 25 Maximum effective range . 26 Muzzle velocity . 26 Maximum slew rate . 26 Maximum tracking rate . 26 Rate of fire . 26 Threat firing modes . 26 Lock-on boundary . 26 Kinematic boundary 26 Dead space 27 Detection time . 27 Acquisition time 27 Identification time . 27
18、 Engagement time . 27 Subfield term: Threat lethality .- 27 Subfield term: Fire control factors . 28 Acquisition limit . 29 Tracking error 29 Aiming error 29 Lead angle prediction 30 Prediction bias . 30 Lock-on . 31 V Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
19、nse from IHS-,-,-MIL-9DBK-2089 PARAGRAPH 5.1.3.1.7 5.1.3.2 5.1.3.2.1 5.1.3.2.2 5.1.3.2.3 5.1.3.2.4 5.1.3.2.5 5.1.3.2.6 5.1.3.3 5.1.3.3.1 5.1.3.1.2 5.1.3.3.3 5.1.3.3.4 5.1.3.3.5 5.1.3.3.6 5.1.3.3.7 5.1.3.3.8 5.1.3.3.9 5.1.3.3.1 O 5.1.3.3.11 5.1.3.3.12 5.1.3.3.13 5.1.3.3.14 5.1.3.3.15 5.1.3.3.16 5.1.3
20、.3.17 5.1.3.3.18 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.1.1 5.2.1.1.2 5.2.1.1.3 5.2.1.1.4 5.2.1.1.5 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.2.1 5.2.1.2.1.1 9999970 0250740 750 = MIL-HDBK-2089 CONTENTS c_ PAGE Jitter . 31 Subfield term: Trajectory factors . 31 Gravity drop 32 Ballistic dispersion 33 Ballistic coefficient . 33 Thermal bloomi
21、ng . 33 Atmospheric attenuation . 33 Tumbling . 34 Projectlle caliber 34 Equivalent weight of TNT 35 Charge-to-total-weight ratio 35 Controlled fragmentation 35 Incendiary flash duration . 35 Critical impact velocity . 35 Fragment density . 35 Initial Iragrnent velocity 35 coupling 35 Flash blinding
22、 35 Aimpoint . 35 Energy pile 35 Spot size 36 Peak intensity 36 Average peak intensity . -36 Average intensity 36 Topical field term: Assessment methodology 37 Subfield term: Encounter descriptors . 37 Subfield term: Encounter conditions 38 Threat environment . 39 Open fire range 1 . 39 Target offse
23、t . -39 Target angle off . 40 Distance to cross-over . 41 Subfield term: Threat actions . 41 Subfield term: Firing opportunities 41 Allowable firing sector 42 Subfield term: Terminal effects parameters . 34 Static fragment spray angles . 35 Total fiagment initial velocity . 35 vi Provided by IHSNot
24、for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-2089 9999970 0250743 697 . PARAGRAPH 5.2.1.2.1.2 5.2.1.2.1.3 5.2.1.2.1.4 5.2.1.2.2 5.2.1.2.2.1 5.2.1.2.2.2 5.2.1.2.2.3 5.2.1.3 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.1.1 5.2.2.1.1.1 5.2.2.1.1.2 5.2.2.1.1.3 5.2.2.1.1.4 5.2.2.1.1.5 5
25、.2.2.1.1.6 5.2.2.1.1.7 5.2.2.1.1.8 5.2.2.1.1.9 5.2.2.1.1.10 5.2.2.1.1.1 1 5.2.2.1.1.12 5.2.2.1.1.13 5.2.2.1.1.14 5.2.2.1.1.15 5.2.2.1.1.16 5.2.2.1.1.17 5.2.2.1.2 5.2.2.1.2.1 5.2.2.1.2.2 5.2.2.1.2.3 5.2.2.1.2.4 5.2.2.1.2.5 5.2.2.1.2.6 5.2.2.1.2.7 5.2.2.1.2.8 5.2.2.2 MIL-HDBK-2089 CONTENTS L_ Unmask r
26、ange 42 Number of rounds fired . 43 Intervisibility . 43 Subfield term: Firing doctrine 43 Barrage fire 44 Fire-while-track . 44 Shoot-look-shoot . 44 Subfield term: Encounter frequency 44 Subfield term: Encounter results assessment . 44 Subfield term: Vulnerability assessment methodology 45 Subfiel
27、d term: Vulnerability measures . 46 Ballistic vulnerability 46 Component vulnerable area . 46 Component incremental vulnerable area . 46 Vulnerable area (AV) 46 Total target vulnerable area . 47 External blast vulnerability . 47 Interdependent components 47 Total system level redundancy 48 Branch le
28、vel redundancy . 48 Probability of kill given a hit (Pa 48 Probability of kill given lock on (E-) 49 Component conditional kill probability (Pc mixture of compounds; or mixture of compounds and elements, which on ignition or initiation are capable of causing great heat and pressure (explosion). 3.1.
29、1 O Hardening. That type of vulnerability reduction effected by interposing less essential components between critical components and the damage mechanisms, by reducing or eliminating the criticality of components thru redesign or reallocation of functions, or by the use of materials having improved
30、 characteristics. 3.1.1 1 High explosive. See Department of the Air Force Technical Manual TM9-1300-211/11A-1-34. 3.1.12 Passive countermeasures. Those techniques related to reduction of detection which differ fiom active countermeasures in the sense that no counter-electromagnetic spectrum is gener
31、ated for defense. 3.1.13 Reduction of detection. The use of techniques that reduce the target aircraft signatures .e., infrared, radar, visual, etc.) that are used by threat systems for acquisition, tracking, and warhead guidancehoming. 3.1.14 Survivability. The capability of an aircraft to avoid or
32、 withstand a man-made hostile environment without sustaining an impairment of its ability to accomplish its designated mission. 3.1.15 Survivabilitv enhancement, The use of any tactic, technique, or survivability equipment, or any combination thereof that increases the probability of survival of an
33、aircraft when operating in a man-made hostile environment. 3.1.16 Survivabilitv enhancement tradeoffs. The process of examining and quantiQing both the survival benefits and the penalties associated with alternative survivability enhancement techniques of aircraft and subsystems. The objective of th
34、is tradeoff process is to derive the insights necessary to select the optimal configuration or utilization for defined mission roles. 3.1.17 Susceptibility. The degree to which a device, equipment, or weapons system is open to effective attack due to one or more inherent weaknesses. 3.1.18 System re
35、monse. The reactions of a system, including crew station, structure, and subsystems, when a threat is detected or the system is subjected to a threat mechanism. 3.1.19 Target lethalitv criteria. Quantitative and qualitative data that collectively defme (1) the susceptibility of the target to damage
36、processes and (2) the resultant responses of the target given that threat induced damage occurs. 3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-HDBK-2089 9999970 0250753 309 W MIL-HDBK-2089 - - 3.1.20 +%eats. Those elements of a man-made envi
37、ronment designed to reduce the ability of an aircraft to perform mission related functions by inflicting damaging effects, forcing undesirable maneuvers or degrading systems effectiveness. 3.1.2 1 Threat mechanisms. Mechanisms, embodied in or employed as a threat, which are designed to damage (i.e.,
38、 to degrade the functioning of or to destroy) a target component or the target itself (see 5.1.1.3). 3.1.22 Threat negation. To render a threat ineffective through the use of countermeasures, tactics, or suppressive fire. 3.1.23 Vulnerability. The characteristics of a system which causes it to suffe
39、r a definite degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of effects in an unnatural (manmade) hostile environment. 3.1.24 Vulnerabilitv reduction. Any technique that enhances the aircraft design in a manner that reduces the air
40、crafts vuinerability when subject to threat mechanisms. 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (Overview and breakdown of survivability disciplined into topical fields) 4.1 Categorization of the survivability discipline. The total nonnuclear aircraft survivability/vulnerability discipline (hereafter referred to as
41、 the survivability discipline) spans a large number of activities and elements such as: analysis of the inherent capability of analysis of inherent aircraft damage susceptibility, the response of materials to threat impact, the development of analytical assessment procedures, analysis of combat data
42、, the development of vulnerability reduction techniques, aircraft tradeoffs that include and interface with other disciplines such as maintainability, reliability, etc. The survivability discipline, therefore, is multidimensional; however, these many activities can be grouped or categorized into “to
43、pical fields“, as illustrated in which group the activities and elements of each topical field. this subfield categorization is shown in figures 1 through 6 for each of the topical fields in table I, respectively. 4 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
44、 from IHS-,-,-NIL-HDBK-2089 W 9999970 0250754 245 MIL-HDBK-2089 c_ TABLE I. Survivabilitv Toical Fields. Topical Field (Fig. No.) Threats (1) Assessment Methodology (2) System Response (3) Survivability Enhancement (4) Survivability Enhancement Tradeoffs (5) Survivability Test and Combat Data (6) As
45、sociated ActivitiesElements Threat analysis, threat characteristics data, threat inherent lethality assessment Computation methods and measures of aircraft survivability/vulnerability Systedsubsystem response to threat impact; lethal criteria data; kill levels; kill mechanisms Vulnerability reductio
46、n; hardening; self defense; electronic countermeasures; reduction of detection Benefits and penalties fiom survivability enhancement; tradeoffs Test data, experimental methods; combat clah analysis s 5.1.1 Characteristics 5.1.2 Operations I 1 pl Descriptors FIGURE 1. 5.1.1.3 Mechanisms 5.1.3 Lehaiit
47、y 5.1.3.1 Fire Control Factors 5.1.3.2 Trajectory Factors 5.1.1 Terminal i Parameters Environmental Factors Launch Capabilities Threats toDical field and subfield categorization. 5 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-HDBK-2089 997977
48、0 0250755 181 MIL-HDBK-2089 Assessment Methodology Encounter Descriptors 5.2.2 Encounter Results Encounter Encounter Vulnerability Conditions Actions Frequency Assessment Methodology 5.2.2.2 Survivability Assessment Opportunities Doctrine Measures Assessment Measures Assessment Techniques FIGURE 2.
49、Assessment methodology topical field and subfield categorizatioq. 6 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-HDBK-ZOBS 9999570 0250756 018 m MIL-HDBK-2089 5.5 System Response Processes Target Lethality Criteria Response Measures Thermal Penetration Effects Ignition Effects Processes Levels 1 5.321 Damage/ Kil
