1、自考英语（二）模拟试卷 22 及答案与解析一、阅读判断0 The First Setters in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading poste
2、d further south, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a trader in Bristol, England, when he made 3 journey in 1497. But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew
3、of eighteen, did no more than see an island, probably off the New England coast and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a “legal“ title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the European s interest in America
4、was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America were nearly a hundred years after Columbus first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a
5、small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North A
6、merica was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in london and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men
7、and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 1 We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given2 Among the early settlers in South America in the
8、 1 6th century were Spanish traders.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given3 With John Cabots arrival at an island off the New England coast in 1497, the British Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North America.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given4 There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North
9、 America in 1497.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given5 The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently in North America occurred in the 1580s.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given6 The name Virginia was given to North America by sir Walter Raleigh.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given7 The name New England was given
10、 to the northern area of North American by the, boss of one of the two Virginia companies.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given8 The first permanent settlement in North American was in 1607.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given9 The first settlers in Virginia were all the males.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given10 The first settlers i
11、n North American who survived lived in a happy life there.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given二、阅读选择10 Of all the components of a good night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated
12、 his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“ the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dream
13、s are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line“. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “Its your dream, “ says R
14、osalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you dont like it, change it. “Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep when most vivid dreams occur as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the Uni
15、versity of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the “emotional brain“)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay wit
16、h us all day. “ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working
17、through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the day s events until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can
18、 exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do i
19、t in their sleep. At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic, “ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suff
20、ering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dream on it and youll feel better in the morning. 11 Researchers have come to believe that dreams_.（A）can be modified in their courses（B） ar
21、e susceptible to emotional changes（C） reflect our innermost desires and fears（D）are a random outcome of neural repairs12 By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show_.（A）its function in our dreams（B） the mechanism of REM sleep（C） the relation of dreams to emotions（D）its difference f
22、rom the prefrontal cortex13 The negative feelings generated during the day tend to_.（A）aggravate in our unconscious mind（B） develop into happy dreams（C） persist till the time we fall asleep（D）show up in dreams early at night14 Cartwright seems to suggest that_.（A）waking up in time is essential to th
23、e ridding of bad dreams（B） visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control（C） dreams should be left to their natural progression（D）dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15 What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（A）Lead your life as usual.（B） Seek
24、professional help.（C） Exercise conscious control.（D）Avoid anxiety in the daytime. 三、概括段落大意和补全句子15 Multiple Sclerosis(多发性硬化症)1 Multiple Sclerosis(MS)is a disease in which the patients immune(免疫的)system attacks the central nervous system. This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms, as the
25、disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain. However, the human body, being a flexible, adaptable system, can compensate for some level of damage, so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present. 2 MS patients can have one of tw
26、o main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form(复发型)and the primary progressive form. In the relapsing form, the disease progresses in a series of jumps ; at times it is in remission(减轻). which means that a person s normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relaps
27、e and the disease again becomes more active. This is the most common form of MS ; 80 90%of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapseremission cycle can continue for many years. Eventually, however, loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place an
28、d the remissions become less frequent. 3 In the primary progressive form of MS, there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10-15% of sufferers at diagnosis. 4 The expected course of the disease, or prognosis(预
29、后), depends OD many variables : the subtype of the disease, the patient s individual characteristics and the initial symptoms. Life expectancy of patients, however, is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected personprovided that a reason are standard of care is received. In some cases a nearno
30、rmal life span is possible . 5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility(易感性), which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset(发作)of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40. It is more common in women
31、 than men ; however, it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people. A. The relapsing Form of MSB. The Definition of MSC. The Cause of MSD. The development of MSE. The Treatment of MSF. The Primary progressive Form of MS16 Paragraph1_. 17 Paragraph2_. 18 Paragraph3_. 19 Paragraph
32、4_. 20 Paragraph5_. 20 A. the elderly peopleB. the brainC. relative of MS patientsD. the relapsing formE. the diseaseF. the primary progressive form21 MS affects the communication of nerve cells between the body and_. 22 An MS patient can feel fine for years without being affected much by_. 23 When
33、first diagnosed, 80 - 90% of people have the MS in the form of_. 24 10- 15%of MS patients are diagnosed as having_. 25 young adults might have a higher chance of developing the disease than_. 四、填句补文25 The Value of MotherhoodIn shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying “a gift to tha
34、nk her for her unselfish love“. When you log onto website, a small pop-up invites you to book a bouquet for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. 【T1】_The popularity of Mother s Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all sh
35、e wanted. In fact, she got more enough to make her horrified. 【T2】_They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mothers Day is the No. 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelery and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of
36、 the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother s Day. One protest against the commercialization Mother s Day even got her arrested for disturbing the peace, interestingly . 【T3】_As Ralph Fevre. a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardi
37、an, observe, traditionally “motherhood is something that we do because we think Its right“. But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. 【T4】_So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however, inevitabl
38、y handicaps career anticipation. 【T5】_According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mothers Day needs to be update
39、d : “It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people. “A. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. B. But what s more, commerc
40、ialism changes young people s attitude towards motherhood. C. Obviously, the best girl will be a phone call or a visit. D. According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday. E. As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status si
41、nce the 1950s. F. In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. 26 【T1】27 【T2】28 【T3】29 【T4】30 【T5】五、填词补文30 What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interact
42、ion of your genes and the environment in which you were【 B1】_. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence【B2】_activities is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important【B3】_to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology
43、 influences mind, brain and behavior. Any research that suggests that【B4】_to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can【B5】_based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes. It is easy to accept th
44、at genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how【B6】_they are, or what career they are likely to choose. A concern of psychological scientists is the【B7】_to which all of these characteristics are influenced
45、by nature and nurture(养育), by genetic makeup and the environment, increasingly, science【B8】_that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits, from this perspective, people are born【B9】_like undeveloped photographs. The image is already capture, but the way it【B10 】_appears can vary based on the d
46、evelopment process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning. A. abilitiesB. achieveC. complaintsD. contributionsE. displayedF. essentiallyG. eventually H. extentI. indicates J. psychological K. raised L. smart31 【B1 】32 【B2 】33 【B3 】34 【B4 】35 【B5 】36 【B6 】37 【B7 】38 【B8 】39 【B9 】40 【
47、B10 】六、完形补文40 A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green space gained about 13% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and【C1】_ (few)trees. Such findings tell a【C2】_(power)story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many peo
48、ple attribute it to increased portion sizes and【C3】_(active), but that can t be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been with us for a long time. “Most experts agree that the changes were【C4】_(relate)to something in the environment. “ says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloo
49、mberg School of Public Health. That something could be a【C5】_(shrink)of the green. The new research, 【C6】_(publish)in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn t the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer to identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green neighborhood simply m
