1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 15 及答案与解析英译汉1 The balance of nature is a very elaborate and very delicate system of checks and counterchecks. It is continually being altered as climates change, as new organisms evolve, as animals or plants permeate to new areas. But the alterations have in the past, for the most p
2、art, been slow, whereas with the arrival of civilized man, their speed has been multiplied manifold: from the evolutionary time-scale, where change is measured by periods of ten or a hundred thousand years, they have been transferred to the human time-scale in which centuries and even decades count.
3、Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories, slag-heaps and other products of his civilization. H
4、e exterminates some species on a large scale, but favours the multiplication of others. In brief, he has done more in five thousand years to alter the biological aspect of the planet than has nature in five million.Many of these changes which he has brought about have had unforeseen consequences. Wh
5、o would have thought that the throwing away of a piece of Canadian waterweed would have caused half the waterways of Britain to be blocked for a decade, or that the provision of pot cacti for lonely settlers wives would have led to Eastern Australia being overrun with forests of Prickly Pear? Who wo
6、uld have prophesied that the cutting down of forests on the Adriatic coasts, or in parts of Central Africa, could have reduced the land to a semi desert, with the very soil washed away from the bare rock? Who would have thought that improved communications would have changed history by the spreading
7、 of disease-sleeping sickness into East Africa, measles into Oceania, very possibly malaria into ancient Greece?2 Biogas: a Solution to Many ProblemsIn almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable fuel is a major problem. Rural communities depend l
8、argely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking and lighting needs. But kerosene is now priced out of reach of many people and wood, except in heavily forested areas, is in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of the working day and has resulted in widespread deforestation
9、.Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is convenient to store and use. But burning dung destroys its value as fertilizer, thus depriving the soil of a much needed source of humus and nitrogen.Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack of a
10、dequate sanitation. Improper waste disposal spreads disease, contaminates water sources and provides breeding grounds for diseasecarrying insects.The problems of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources and finding alternative sources of fuel may be unrelated. Their solutions, however,
11、are not, as many countries experimenting with biogas technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the fermentation of organic matter. The process of anaerobic fermentation is a natural one, occurring whenever living matter decomposes. By containing the
12、matterand the processin a digester or biogas plant, the combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry that remains can be used on the land as a soil conditioner and fertilizer.Biogas plants have attracted much interest in recent years and the
13、y are in use in several Asian countries: 36000 are reported in rural areas of India, 27000 in Korea and more than 80000 in China. In most countries the value of the gas has been the prime factor leading to their adoption: 70 percent of India s plants, for instance, were built during the energy and f
14、ertilizer crisis of 1975-1976although their use in that country dates back to 1951. Similarly in Thailand and Korea, biogas is being investigated as an alternative to costly charcoal ad to save compost materials from being burned.3 Preserving Water SourcesRecently we held a successful daylong worksh
15、op that was attended by local primary and secondary school teachers as well as several university students representing the environmental groups on their campuses. The workshop was unique: To convey how critical water is to the survival of society, we showed to what an extent our bodies are water an
16、d how the natural environment also revolves around it. We depicted the intimate connection between the functions of the human body and water, and further showed how human systems have parallels in nature. Our participants were amazed that, when shown on the same scale, the human cardiovascular syste
17、m of veins and arteries and an aerial view of a river system were so much alike as to be indistinguishable. We also showed them the similarities between a human bone and a tree. Nerves, when a person experiences pleasure, look relaxed and have many curves, like a healthy river that also has numerous
18、 bends and curves. We contrasted these with a picture of a nerve straight and stiff as it feels pain; alongside it we placed a picture of a river that has been manipulated by human engineering and rendered straight, unhealthy and lifeless.Once our participants had gained a new appreciation for water
19、, the urgent need to protect this precious resource became plain to them. We followed up by spending some time thinking about concrete projects that they could undertake with their students or green groups.Many great project ideas were voiced that day and some are already getting underway. A seconda
20、ry school in Tianjin is beginning a campus greening project and wants to include greywater treatment as well as rainwater collection in their plan. Students from a local university are campaigning to reduce the water usage in their bathhouses. Currently, students pay one price for a shower of unlimi
21、ted length, which invariably leads to waste. Their approach to cutting waste includes changing the pricing scheme and replacing the showerheads in their bathhouses with a water-saving type.4 Energy CrisisThe U. S. Census Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 30
22、0 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U. S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U. S. per capital income will increase from $ 3, 400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $ 8, 300 ( assuming a 1967 price level) in the year 2000, 2. 5 times as much as that of 1969.According
23、to government statistics, in the United States, there are over 110 million cars and 15 million commercial vehicles or trucks. And “more people“ means “more cars“. By the end of the twenties of next century, the population of the United States will have doubled that of today and the number of automob
24、iles will be doubled as well. And in twenty years time the per capita income will also be 2. 5 times higher than it is now. If this increased income is spent on more and larger automobiles, larger houses, and increased consumption of other material goods, the results could cause catastrophic resourc
25、e exhaustion, and pollution. Take the increase of the consumption of oil for instance. The consumption is so huge that the oil reserves might last only a decade or two if not supplemented by imports.Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supp
26、lies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear power plant has for a long time been a favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problem of disposing of polluting byproduct waste
27、 have slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be little agreement along atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.5 Thinking about going off the beaten path for your next vacatio
28、n? If so, you might be one of the many people who are enjoying a relatively new mode of travel known as ecotourism. As the name implies, ecotourism focuses on conserving the ecology and natural heritage of tourist destinations. In addition, ecotourism features indigenous cultures and promotes ways f
29、or local communities to control and maintain their resources.In the past, vacationers usually spent their time staying at luxury hotels and visiting famous landmarks and museums in cities such as New York, Paris and Tokyo. Others preferred to relax on the beautiful beaches of Hawaii or the deck of a
30、 cruise ship in the sunny Caribbean. There was little interaction with the local people and overcrowding often spoiled the natural beauty of popular vacation spots. In addition, excessive commercialization turned many places into tourist traps.Since the early 1980s, however, adventure-oriented and n
31、ature-based vacation activities have become increasingly popular. Developing alongside a global rise in environmental consciousness and respect for cultural diversity, ecotourism is the one of the fastest growing sectors of the travel and tourism industry. Mountain climbing in the Himalayas, roughin
32、g it on a wilderness expedition, trekking in the Amazon rainforest and whale watching on the high seas are attractive alternatives to the urban comforts of five-star hotels and classy restaurants.But ecotourism means more than just traveling to remote destinations. The concept also emphasizes educat
33、ing visitors about local people, customs and cultural heritage. Perhaps most importantly , it involves a methodical approach to tourism that minimizes the negative impact on natural habitats and gives host communities a leading role in decision-making processes, along with the lion s share of econom
34、ic benefits.As tourism might be the largest industry in the world, sustainable growth strategies should be adopted to ensure that our natural and cultural heritage is preserved for the enjoyment and benefit of future generations.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 15 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 自然界的平衡是一个非常微妙又异常脆弱的破坏与反破坏的体系。这种平衡随
35、着气候变化，新生物的进化，以及动植物向新领域的蔓延而不停地变化着。但这种变化在以前，或者说很久以前是缓慢的，随着人类文明的到来，变化的速度就急速地提高了：进化速度由以前的以万年甚至十万年为计算单位提高到现在的以百年甚至几十年为单位。人类正在不断地改变着大自然的平衡。人们有意或无意地使动植物向其他领域扩展变得更加容易。大片的土地被覆盖上了各种各样的新植物，楼房，工厂，一堆堆的矿渣和其他人类文明的产物。人类使一些物种大规模的灭绝，而又倾向于使另一些物种大量地繁衍。总之，人类在五千年内使地球的生物圈发生的变化远远大于大自然自身五百万年里所发生的变化。人类给自然带来的这些变化当中，许多后果无法预计。有
36、谁会想到随手丢的一根水草会使不列颠一半的水路十年中无法通行，送给那些孤独的当地居民的妻子的一盆仙人掌会使澳大利亚东部遍布“刺儿梨” 森林?有谁会预见到在亚得里亚海海岸，或中非的一些地区砍倒一片森林会使整片土地变为半个荒漠，泥土被冲刷走后只剩下裸露的岩石? 又有谁会想到交流的增加会使疾病进行传播，使历史改变瞌睡病传入了东非，麻疹传入了大洋洲，疟疾也可能进入古希腊?【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 沼气：一举多得在几乎所有的发展中国家，缺少经济、方便、可靠的燃料源是个大问题。农村地区大部分依赖于煤油、木材、家畜的粪便以满足他们做饭照明之需。但是现在煤油的价格已使很多人可望而不可及，而除了在森林
37、茂密的地区，木材也是供应短缺。寻找木材占据了工作日的很大一部分时间，造成了大面积的森林破坏。在任何有家畜的地方，粪便都会源源不断，当其干了之后，便于储存使用。但是，烧了它会破坏其增肥的价值，因此使土壤失去腐殖土和氮这些极需的原料。发展中国家的农村地区还深受卫生设施体系不完善的困扰。不合理的废物处理传播疾病，污染水源，给疾病携带昆虫提供了寄生之所。诸如提高环境清洁卫生，节约资源，寻找燃料替代品等问题，也许毫不相干。但是，正如许多做沼气技术实验的国家渐渐发现的那样，他们的解决方法并非毫不相关。沼气，是甲烷和二氧化碳的混合物，是有机物发酵后产生的。厌氧发酵是自然过程，任何生物腐烂时都会发生。在沼气池
38、或沼气厂内装上此物质，进行这个过程，然后就可以收集可燃气体并且用于家庭照明和做饭。发酵后的浆液可洒在地上，用作土壤改良剂和化肥。近些年，沼气厂已吸引了广泛关注，并已在一些亚洲国家投入使用：据报道，印度农村地区有 36000 家，韩国有 27000 家，中国有 80000 多家。沼气的价值是大多数国家建沼气厂的主要原因：比如，印度 70的沼气厂建于 1975 年至 1976 年间的能源和化肥危机，尽管沼气的使用可追溯至 1951 年。同样在泰国、韩国，据调查，沼气是花费较高的木炭的替代物以减少燃烧堆肥物质。【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】 保护水资源最近，我们成功地举办了为期一天的研讨会。参
39、加者是当地的中小学老师，还有一些大学生，他们代表自己大学的环保小组。研讨会别具一格：为了说明水对社会延续有多么重要，我们演示了人体内水占多少比例，自然界又如何离不开水。我们描述了人体各项功能与水的密切关系，并进一步演示了人体各系统如何与自然界相类似。当把人体静脉和动脉组成的心血管系统与河流体系的航空鸟瞰图以同一比例尺寸相比时，二者相似之极，简直难以区分，这使与会者大为惊奇。我们还向他们展示了人的骨骼与一棵树的相似之处。而神经呢，当一个人愉快时，就松弛下来，有许多曲线，就像一条正常的河流有许多弯弯曲曲一样。与此对照的一幅画是，神经在受痛苦时变得僵直；而旁边放着一张河流的照片，该河流由于人类工程改
40、道而变得笔直、反常、死气沉沉。与会者一旦对水有了新的了解，那么保护这一珍贵资源乃当务之急也就不言而喻了。接着，我们又花了一些时间探讨与会者同自己的学生或绿色组织能够承担的具体项目。那天会上提出了许多很好的项目创意，有的已在进行之中。天津一中学已启动一项绿化校园计划；他们打算把污水处理与雨水收集包括在计划内。当地一所大学的学生们正发起一场在浴室中减少用水的宣传活动。目前，学生们付一次费可以洗多长时间不受限制，这难免引起浪费。他们制止浪费的方法包括改变收费办法，并给浴室换上节水型喷头。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 能源危机据美国人口普查局预测，2000 年美国人口接近三亿，2020 年将达
41、四亿。美国商业部预测，美国平均个人收入将从 1969 年的 3400 美元增加到 2000 年的 8300 美元(按 1967 年物价水平计算)，为 1969 年的 25 倍。根据政府统计，美国现有一亿一千万多辆汽车，一千五百万商业用车或卡车。更多的人口也就意味着更多的汽车。到下世纪二十年代末，美国人口和汽车都将是今天的两倍。二十年后，人均收入也将是今天的二点五倍。随着收入的增加，人们会购买更多、更大型的轿车、更宽敞的房子，消费更多的其他商品，这就必然导致毁灭性的资源枯竭和污染。以原油消费的增长为例，原油消耗量巨大，如不进口原油来做补充的话，那么石油储量恐怕只够维持一、二十年了。十年前，使用核
42、能似乎能够解决预料到的会发生的能源危机。尽管大家知道铀燃料的供应是有限的，可能在半个世纪内耗尽，核能发电站多年来却一直倍受推崇。然而，核能发电站的工作已面临严峻的问题。人们心中的恐惧和面临的难题减缓了进一步建造新核电站的步伐：人们担心核爆炸；而且面临着污染性废料难以处理的问题。这些难题最终可能靠发展原子能技术来解决。可是在目前，原子能科学家们对于何时才能实现这种可能性，尚难达成一致意见。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 想在下个假期去人迹罕至的地方看看吗?假使如此，你也许会像越来越多的人一样，热衷于参加名为“生态观光” 的新式旅游。正如名称所示，生态观光重在保护旅游目的地的生态和自然遗产。
43、此外，生态观光突出了地方本土文化特色，并倡导一些可行的做法，促使地方控制和维护这些资源。以前，许多度假者会人住豪华宾馆，参观纽约、巴黎和东京等城市著名标志性建筑和博物馆；还有些人喜欢在夏威夷的美丽海滩上放松身心，或是在游轮甲板上，悠闲自在地游览阳光明媚的加勒比海。但不论如何，总是缺乏与当地人的交流。而熙熙攘攘的人潮，也破坏了度假胜地的自然风光。此外，操作过分商业化，也让许多地方成了诱使游客上钩的陷阱。从二十世纪八十年代初起，以探险和自然为主题的旅游活动越来越受欢迎。伴随全球环保意识的增强以及对多元文化的尊重，生态观光方兴未艾，成为旅游业中快速发展的一个组成部分。攀登喜玛拉雅山、徒步穿行亚马逊雨林、野地探险、公海赏鲸等，成为于都市里舒服享受五星级旅馆和高雅餐厅之外的诱人选择。但是，生态观光不只是到偏远的地方旅行，这一概念也强调教育游客去认识当地风土人情和文化遗产。或许，最重要的观念是，生态观光是井然有序地经营旅游业，最大程度地降低对生物栖息地的负面影响，并使当地除了获得最大的经济利益外，还能在决策过程中取得主导地位。旅游、观光业可能是世界上最大的产业。为了子孙后代的福祉，必须采取可持续性发展战略，保护我们的自然和文化遗产。【知识模块】 英译汉
