1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 20 及答案与解析一、填空题1 As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones_. (中山大学 2008 研)2 In traditional grammar, _is the only word class w
2、hich can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学 2006 研)3 In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into_words and _words. (南开大学 2007 研)4 The_is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the me
3、aning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外 2008 研)5 There are two fields of morphology: the study of_and the study of_. (人大2006 研)6 A_morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外 2003 研)7 _ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morpholo
4、gy. (南开大学 2007 研)8 _is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from_and_. (人大 2006 研)9 Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation whe
5、re a shorter word is derived by deleting an_affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学 2006 研)10 _is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学 2005 研)11 Affix is
6、 the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and_. (北京邮电大学 2010 研)12 Words can be classified into variable words and invaria
7、ble words. As for variable words, they may have_changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学 2011 年研)13 Bound morphemes are classified into two types; _and_root.14 A word formed by derivation is called a_, and a word forme
8、d by compounding is called a_.二、判断题15 Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华 2001 研)（A）真（B）假16 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假17 Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many
9、adverbs are content words. (北二外 2008 研)（A）真（B）假18 Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华 2001研)（A）真（B）假19 The words “loose“ and “books“ have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外 2007 研)（A）真（B）假20 Free morpheme may constitute words by themselve
10、s. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假21 Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外 2006 研)（A）真（B）假22 A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸 2006 研)（A）真（B）假23 The words “water“ and “teacher“ have a common phoneme and a common morp
11、heme as well. (北二外 2006 研)（A）真（B）假24 The words “boys“ and “raise“ have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外 2008 研)（A）真（B）假25 Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）真（B）假26 The smallest meaningful unit of language
12、is allomorph.（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题27 Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are_items. (北二外2003 研)（A）open-class（B） closed-class（C） neither open-class nor closed-class28 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_. (西安交大 2008 研)（A）lexical words（B） grammatical words（C） function word
13、s（D）form words29 Bound morphemes do not include_. (西安交大 2008 研)（A）roots（B） prefixes（C） suffixes（D）words30 _other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Polymorphemic words（B） Bound morphemes（C） Free morphemes31 _refers to the way in which a particular verb changes f
14、or tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）Affixation（B） Inflection（C） Derivation（D）Conjugation32 Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: tabletables, day + break daybreak. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）inflection and compound（B） compound and derivation（C） inflection and derivation3
15、3 Compound words consist of_ morphemes. (北二外 2003 研)（A）bound（B） free（C） both bound and free34 Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸 2006研)（A）WTO（B） Motel（C） Bookshelf（D）red-faced35 Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）girlfriend（B） t
16、elevision（C） smog（D）bunch36 The word UN is formed in the way of_. (西安交大 2008 研)（A）acronymy（B） clipping（C） initialism（D）blending37 Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008 研)（A）INVENTION.（B） ACRONYM.（C） LEXICON.38 Language has been changing, but such changes are not
17、 so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of_. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）phonology（B） lexicon（C） syntax（D）semantics39 “Wife“, which used to refer to any woman, stands for “a married woman“ in modern English. This phenomenon is known as_. (西安交大 2008 研)（A）semantic shift（B） semantic broadening（C） sema
18、ntic elevation（D）semantic narrowing40 It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to_.（A）narrowing of meaning（B） meaning shift（C） loss of meaning（D）widening of meaning41 A suffix is an affix which appears_.（A）after the stem（B） befor
19、e the stem（C） in the middle of the stem（D）below the stem四、简答题42 What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学 2007 研)43 What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学 2004 研)44 What are phonologically
20、conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学 2005 研)45 How are affixes classified? (四川大学 2008 研)46 A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceaseds cremains were scattered ov
21、er the hill.(b) Hes always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学 2007 研)47 How to distinguish root and stem?48 Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.49 What are closed-class words and open-class words?五、名词解释50 Open-class words (浙江大学 2007 研)51 Lexical word (
22、武汉大学 2005 研)52 Morpheme (武汉大学 2008 研)53 Stem (四川大学 2007 研)54 inflectional morpheme (南开大学 2004 研)55 Free morphemes (西安交大 2008 研)56 Bound morpheme (上海交大 2007 研)57 Inflection (四川大学 2007 研)58 Compound (四川大学 2007 研)59 Allomorph (四川大学 2006 研)60 Back-formation(四川大学 2008 研；北外 2010 研)61 Prefix (北外 2010 研)62
23、cognate(南开大学 2011 年研)六、举例说明题63 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)64 Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学 2008 研)65 Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学 2
24、005 研)66 What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大 2006 研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 20 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 function words【试题解析】 词可分为词汇词和语法词。具有词汇意义的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。表达语法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。2 【正确答案】 pronoun【试题解析】 在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。3 【正确答案】 lexical ， grammatical【试题解析】 从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和
25、语法词。4 【正确答案】 morpheme【试题解析】 语素是最小的语义单位，是语法中的最小单位。它不能被分割成更小的单位而不改变它的意义。5 【正确答案】 inflectional；derivational【试题解析】 在形态学中，有两大主要研究方面，一是词的屈折变化，一是词的派生。6 【正确答案】 bound【试题解析】 粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。7 【正确答案】 Morphophonology【试题解析】 形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。8 【正确答案】 Blending；smoke；fog【试题解析】 混成法是指一个词由两
26、个单词混合而成，一般把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。9 【正确答案】 imagined【试题解析】 逆构词法是一种不规则的构词类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。10 【正确答案】 Word【试题解析】 词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。11 【正确答案】 infix【试题解析】 词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素(词根或词干)上的一类语素的总称。词缀都是粘着语素，可分为前缀、中缀和后
27、缀三种。12 【正确答案】 inflective【试题解析】 可变词有曲折变化。13 【正确答案】 affix；bound【试题解析】 粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。词缀和粘着词根都是粘着语素。14 【正确答案】 derivative；compound【试题解析】 词汇的变化方式主要有复合和派生两种。派生而成的词叫派生词，复合而成的词叫合成词。二、判断题15 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 词组是指一组具有一定词性的词的组合扩展，且此过程并不改变词原来的词性。16 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 就词的内部结构而言，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。17 【正确答案】 A
28、【试题解析】 具有词汇意义(指代物质、动作和性质)的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。18 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限。像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 这两个词中的z和s是同一个音位z的不同变体，所以有共同的音位，但 loose 中的语素是 se，books 中的语素是 s。20 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 自由语素指是能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。21 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 词根是构成词的基础成分，它可以是自由语素或粘着语素。22 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 词干指能加屈折词缀的语素(组合)
29、，它相当于词根或词根加派生词缀。23 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 有共同的音位，但语素不同，前者是 ter，后者是 er。24 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 有共同的音位，但音位z在前者中表示复数，而在后者中没有任何意义。25 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 依据类推构词的原理，人们往往更容易记住规则的变化形式，所以那些比较例外的不规则的形式就会被人遗忘。26 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言最小的有意义的单位是语素不是语素变体。三、单项选择题27 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限，像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词。28 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 开放
30、类词的成员数目基本上是无限的，名词、动词、形容词和副词属于开放类词。29 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。词根，词缀都可能是粘着词素。30 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，而合成词是不可以被这样分的。31 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀表现语法关系，如数、人称、有定性、体和格。它并不改变所附加词干的语法类别。32 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀表现语法关系，如 tables。合成词是由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的，如 daybreak。33 【正确答案
31、】 B【试题解析】 合成词是由自由词素组合而成的。34 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 混成法是指一个词由两个单词混合而成，一般把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。Motel 是由 motor 与 hotel 二词的缩合。35 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 smog 是由 smoke 和 fog 二词缩合而成的。36 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 缩略语是由组织机构的首字母组成的，UN 来源于 United Nations。37 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 词的变化方式很多，新创词和缩略语都属于其中，而选项 C 不属于。38 【正确答案】
32、B【试题解析】 语言总在不断的变化，其在词汇方面的发展和变化尤为明显。39 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 词义缩小是指原来的词义缩小或被限制到某个明确的意义上。40 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 “tail”它曾经表示马的尾巴，现在可表示任何动物的尾巴，属于词义的扩大。41 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 词缀根据它们与词干的位置可分为前缀、中缀和后缀三种。前缀指出现在词干前面的词缀。四、简答题42 【正确答案】 The distinction between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes could be illustrat
33、ed in the following four aspects.Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem, for instance, those inflectional affixes in words such as toys, walks, Johns, etc. Therefore, they serve to produce different forms of a single word. In contrast, derivatio
34、nal affixes often change the lexical meaning, e. g. cite, citation; generate, generation.Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers; whereas derivational affixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness for the fo
35、rmer, and that between brother and brotherhood for the latter.Very often inflectional affixes are conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence. Whereas, derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.In Eng
36、lish, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.43 【正确答案】 Morphophoneme refers to the phoneme (or string of phonemes) that constitutes the various allomorphs of a morpheme.Relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme
37、; Generally speaking, the concept of morphophoneme adds a grammatical meaning to the concept of phoneme. For example, as to the phoneme /s/, it is in fact a configuration of allomorphs of different morphemes, such as the plural morpheme and the 3rd person present simple morpheme. Therefore, we would
38、 regard this phoneme as a morphophoneme, represented as /s/.44 【正确答案】 Some phonological factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of a morpheme; and there could be assimilation, and dissmilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-“ or “im-“ followed b
39、y different phonological environments, as in “inefficient“ and “imperfect“, as a result of assimilation.Morphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors; for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen“, “cows“, and “feet“.45 【正确答案】 Considering the free and bo
40、und morpheme, affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme, so it is naturally bound.Depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix
41、, and infix. For examples, “para-“ as prefix, “-tion“ as suffix, and “-bloomingly-“ in word “abso-bloomingly-luty“ as infix.Affix can also be classified depending on the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. The formal often only add a minute grammatical function to the
42、stem and do not change the word class of the word they attach to; while the latter are very productive in making new words and often change the lexical meaning. For instances, “-s“ in words “toys“, “walks“ and “Johns“ is inflectional affixes, while “-tion“ is a derivational affix in word “recitation
43、“.46 【正确答案】 The words “deceased“ “upper“ and “downer“ have undergone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion.
44、 In the sentences above, “deceased“ , “upper“ and “downer“ are originally adjectives, meaning “dead“, “higher“ and “lower“ respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “ dead people“ , “a drug used as a stimulant. “ and “ a depressant or sedative drug“ , which are nouns.47 【正确答案】 Root is
45、 that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. Thus in the word undesirables, the root is desire. Stem is the part of a word-form that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. So in the word undesirables, the stem is undes
46、irable. The stem of a word may be: a) a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme or root, e. g. work; b) a root plus a derivational affix, e. g. worker; c) two or more roots, e. g. workshop.48 【正确答案】 Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into
47、 smaller forms. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes. Take disagreeable for example, it contains three morphemes, dis-, agree and -able. A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. For instance, -ion, -tion, -sion and -ation are the positional
48、 variants of the same suffix. They do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verb. They are called allomorphs. So an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.49
49、【正确答案】 A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. With the e-mergence of new ideas, inventions, etc. , new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, ver
