1、英语专业（基础英语）模拟试卷 6 及答案与解析一、阅读理解0 Please read the following passages and choose A, B, C or D to best complete the statements about them.Unlocking the cloud“FIRST they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.“ Mahatma Gandhi probably never said these words, despite claims t
2、o the contrary, but they perfectly describe the progress of open-source software over the past 15 years or so. Such software, the underlying recipe for which is created by volunteers and distributed free online, was initially dismissed as the plaything of nerdy hobbyists. Big software firms derided
3、the idea that anyone would put their trust in free software written by mysterious online collectives. Was it really secure? Whom would you call if it went wrong?At the time, selling software to large companies was sometimes likened to drug dealing, because once a firm installed a piece of software,
4、it had to pay a stream of licence fees for upgrades, security patches and technical support. Switching to a rival product was difficult and expensive. But with open-source software there was much less of a lock-in. There are no licence fees, and the file formats and data structures are open. Open-so
5、urce software gained ground during the dotcom boom and even more so afterwards, as a way to cut costs.Microsoft, the worlds biggest software company, went from laughing at the idea to fighting it, giving warning that there might be legal risks associated with using open-source software and even call
6、ing it a “cancer“ that threatened to harm the industry. Yet the popularity of open-source programs such as the Linux operating system continued to grow. The fact that Google, the industrys new giant, sits on a foundation of open-source code buried the idea that it was not powerful or reliable enough
7、 for heavy-duty use. One by one the industrys giants embraced open source. Even Microsoft admits that drawing on the expertise of internet users to scrutinise and improve software has its merits, at least in some cases.The argument has been won. It is now generally accepted that the future will invo
8、lve a blend of both proprietary and open-source software. Traditional software companies have opened up some of their products, and many open-source companies have adopted a hybrid model in which they give away a basic version of their product and make money by selling proprietary add-ons. The rise
9、of software based on open, internet-based standards means worries about lock-in have become much less of a problem.But now there is the danger of a new form of lock-in. “Cloud computing“the delivery of computer services from vast warehouses of shared machinesenables companies and individuals to cut
10、costs by handing over the running of their e-mail, customer databases or accounting software to someone else, and then accessing it over the internet. There are many advantages to this approach for both customers(lower cost, less complexity)and service providers(economies of scale). But customers ri
11、sk losing control once again, in particular over their data, as they migrate into the cloud. Moving from one service provider to another could be even more difficult than switching between software packages in the old days. For a foretaste of this problem, try moving your MySpace profile to Facebook
12、 without manually retyping everything.The obvious answer is to establish agreed standards for moving data between clouds. An industry effort to this effect kicked off in March. But cloud computing is still in its infancy, and setting standards too early could hamper innovation. So buyers of cloud-co
13、mputing services must take account of the dangers of lock-in, and favour service providers who allow them to move data in and out of their systems without too much hassle. This will push providers to compete on openness from the outsetand ensure that the lessons from the success of open-source softw
14、are are not lost in the clouds.1 Which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward the open-source software?（A）Skeptical.（B） Contempting.（C） Supportive.（D）Enthusiastic.2 Why would the author describe software selling as drug dealing?（A）It is illegal.（B） It costs huge “running money“
15、after first time purchasing.（C） It is hard to stick to software.（D）It comes with virus.3 Which of the following facts is not the reason for Microsoft to change his view on open-source soft-ware?（A）Linux uses open-source software.（B） Google is based on open-source code.（C） Open-source software is pro
16、ve to be reliable for heavy-duty running.（D）The number of open-source program is increasing.4 Which of the following statements is true about the future of open-source software?（A）It will transform into a private owned property which can be better protected.（B） Traditional software can only earn mon
17、ey from value-added services.（C） Users may be less worried about the losing of data by using open-based program.（D）Open-source program is always free of charge.5 Which of the following statements is true about “cloud computing“?（A）It is an online program such as Facebook or Myspace.（B） It may hamper
18、 innovation.（C） It intends to provide a third party database for data owner and service provider.（D）It may cause data losing in the cloud.5 Climate ChangeThe illusion of clean coal“FACTORIES of death“ is how James Hansen, a crusading American scientist, describes power stations that burn coal. Coal
19、is the dirtiest of fossil fuels, producing twice the carbon dioxide that natural gas does when it is burned. That makes it a big cause of global warming. But some of the worlds biggest economies rely on coal. It provides almost 50% of Americas and Germanys power, 70% of Indias and 80% of Chinas. Dig
20、ging up coal provides a livelihood for millions of people. And secure domestic sources of energy are particularly prized at a time when prices are volatile and many of the big oil and gas exporters are becoming worryingly nationalistic. It is hard to see how governments can turn their backs on such
21、a cheap and reliable fuel.There does, however, seem to be a way of reconciling coal and climate. It is called carbon capture and storage(CCS), or carbon sequestration, and entails hoovering up carbon dioxide from the smokestacks of power plants and other big industrial facilities and storing it safe
22、ly underground, where it will have no effect on the atmosphere. The technologies for this are already widely used in the oil and chemical industries, and saltwater aquifers and depleted oilfields offer plenty of promising storage space. Politicians are pinning their hopes on clean coal: Angela Merke
23、l and Barack Obama, among others, are keen on the idea.But CCS is proving easier to talk up than to get going. There are no big power plants using it, just a handful of small demonstration projects. Utilities refuse to make bigger investments because power plants with CCS would be much more expensiv
24、e to build and run than the ordinary sort. They seem more inclined to invest in other low-carbon power sources, such as nuclear, solar and wind. Inventors and venture capitalists, in the meantime, are striving to create all manner of new technologiesbugs for biofuels, revolutionary solar panels, sma
25、rt-grid applicationsbut it is hard to find anyone working on CCS in their garage(although some scientists are toying with pulling carbon dioxide directly out of the air instead of from smokestacks:). Several green pressure groups, and even some energy and power company bosses, think that the whole i
26、dea is unworkable.With the private sector sitting on its hands, Western governments are lavishing subsidies on CCS. Some $3.4 billion earmarked for CCS found its way into Americas stimulus bill. The European Union, which already restricts greenhouse-gas emissions through a cap-and-trade scheme, unve
27、iled further incentives for CCS last year. Britain, Australia and others have also vowed to help fund demonstration plants partly because they reckon the private sector is put off by the huge price-tag on a single CCS power plant, and also in the belief that the cost of CCS will fall with experience
28、.The private sector, however, is reluctant to fork out not just because of the upfront cost of power plants, but also because, tonne for tonne, CCS looks like an expensive way of cutting carbon. The cost of it may fall, but probably not by much, given the familiarity of the technologies it uses.Poli
29、ticians should indeed encourage investment in clean technologies, but direct subsidies are not the way to do it. A carbon price or tax, which raises the cost of emitting carbon dioxide while leaving it up to the private sector to pick technologies, is the better approach. CCS is not just a potential
30、 waste of money. It might also create a false sense of security about climate change, while depriving potentially cheaper methods of cutting emissions of cash and attentionall for the sake of placating the coal lobby.6 According to the author, why does James Hansen describe power stations that burn
31、coal as “Factories of death“?（A）It is usually dirty which easily associated with death.（B） Without electricity the world would be dead.（C） Coal burning generates huge amount of pollutant which cause death.（D）Coal burning generates huge amount of CO 2, which causes global warming.7 Governments dont b
32、an coal burning for the following reasons EXCEPT_.（A）many countries rely heavily on coal burning（B） coal price is declining（C） banning coal burning will create unemployment（D）many of the big oil and gas exporters are becoming worryingly nationalistic8 Western governments spend huge sums of money on
33、the CCS program because_.（A）it is very profitable（B） they feel obliged to clean the environment（C） currently the front cost is too high for private investors（D）it is a common acquired technology9 What attitude does the private sector hold for the CCS project?（A）They will wait for the decline of the
34、price for CCS.（B） They want to wait till the technology is developed.（C） They favor this plan.（D）They would rather invest on nuclear power and biomass project.10 What is the authors opinion on CCS?（A）The government should have set more subsidies for CCS implementation.（B） The government should charg
35、e tax for carbon emission and force power company to implement CCS.（C） The government should encourage firms to implement CCS or they will waste money.（D）The government should leave freedom for company to choose the method for carbon reduction.10 Historical developments of the past half century and
36、the invention of modern telecommunication and transportation technologies have created a world economy. Effectively the American economy has died and been replaced by a world economy.In the future, there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management care
37、er in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign films, or acquire financing from foreign banks.The globalization of the worlds capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across t
38、he economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms.Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next c
39、entury are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a small fraction of the work
40、force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force.In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of
41、participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a “dont think, do
42、what you are told“ to a “think, I am not going to tell you what to do“ style of management.This shift is occurring not because todays managers are more enlightened than yesterdays managers but because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the fi
43、rst style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behaviour.In the word of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. They dont have
44、 to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, but they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not to bet on new technologies. If they dont understand what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they will fail to make the changes that those who do un
45、derstand what is going on inside the black box make. They will be losers, not winners.Todays CEOs are those who solved the central problems facing their companies 20 years ago. Tomorrows CEOs will be those who solve central problems facing their companies today. Sloan hopes to produce a generation o
46、f managers who will be solving todays and tomorrows problems and because they are successful in doing so they will become tomorrows captains of business.11 The author suggests that a manager should hold a_view on management.（A）economical（B） geographical（C） international（D）financial12 Speaking of the
47、 problems of training and motivating labourers, the author implies that_.（A）labourers should keep up with the rapid development of modern technology（B） labourers pay more attention to wages（C） labourers want to advance themselves（D）there is a radical change in management style13 Which of the followi
48、ng statements is NOT true?（A）Globalization and demography lead to the differences between the work forces of the last century and those of the next century.（B） At present, white males make up only a small proportion of work forces in American firms.（C） In the next century, women and minorities will
49、become the major part of work forces in the United States.（D）The need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously will call for a work force with much higher levels of education and skills.14 By the first sentence of Paragraph 7, the author means that_.（A）managers should master modern technology（B） managers should have access to technological knowledge（C） managers should focus on functional tasks（D）managers should cooperate with technicians15 The main topic of this passage is_.（A）the new concept of management（B） the
