1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 454 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls lives. It is not that pink is intr
2、insically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. L
3、ooking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls lives and interests.Girls attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until
4、 the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. Whats more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, p
5、ink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a domin
6、ant children s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to
7、kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a m
8、arketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone“ between infant wear and older kids clothes. It was only after “toddler“ became a common shoppers term that it evolved in
9、to a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differencesor invent them where they did not previously exist.1 By saying “it is . the r
10、ainbow“(Para. 1), the author means pink（A）should not be the sole representation of girlhood.（B） should not be associated with girls innocence.（C） cannot explain girls lack of imagination.（D）cannot influence girls lives and interests.2 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colou
11、rs?（A）Colours are encoded in girls DNA.（B） Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.（C） Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.（D）White is preferred by babies.3 The author suggests that our perception of childrens psychological development was much influenced by（A）the market
12、ing of products for children.（B） the observation of childrens nature.（C） researches into children s behaviour.（D）studies of childhood consumption.4 We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to（A）focus on infant wear and older kids clothes.（B） attach equal importance to differ
13、ent genders.（C） classify consumers into smaller groups.（D）create some common shoppers terms.5 It can be concluded that girls attraction to pink seems to be（A）clearly explained by their inborn tendency.（B） fully understood by clothing manufacturers.（C） mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen.（D）w
14、ell interpreted by psychological experts.5 Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed,
15、women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of womenup to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Vivian
16、e Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fa
17、irly as they balance work and family?“Personally, I dont like quotas,“ Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.“ Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling, “ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally bi
18、nding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Redings reluctanceand her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look
19、as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionsno matter how much “soft pressure“ is put upon them. When women do break through
20、 to the summit of corporate poweras, for example , Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all womenwhether CEOs or their children s caregiversand all families,
21、Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.6 In the European corporate workplace, generally（A）women take the lead.（B） men have the final say.（C） corporate governance is overwhelmed.（D）senior management is family-friendly.7 The European Uni
22、on s intended legislation is（A）a reflection of gender balance.（B） a reluctant choice.（C） a response to Reding s call.（D）a voluntary action.8 According to Reding, quotas may help women（A）get top business positions.（B） see through the glass ceiling.（C） balance work and family.（D）anticipate legal resul
23、ts.9 The authors attitude toward Redings appeal is one of（A）skepticism.（B） objectiveness.（C） indifference.（D）approval.10 Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of（A）more social justice.（B） massive media attention.（C） suitable public policies.（D）greater “soft pressure“.10 In 2
24、010, a federal judge shook America s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decadesby 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organi-
25、zation(BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step“ in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision , ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast
26、a woman s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics ma
27、ke three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urg
28、ed reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature . than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.“Despite the appeals courts decision, big q
29、uestions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file
30、many more patents for human DNA moleculesmost are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drugs efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the do
31、ts,“ explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for pat
32、ents. Each meeting was packed.11 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like（A）their executives to be active.（B） judges to rule out gene patenting.（C） genes to be patentable.（D）the BIO to issue a warning.12 Those who are against gene patents believe that（A）genetic tests
33、are not reliable.（B） only man-made products are patentable.（C） patents on genes depend much on innovation.（D）courts should restrict access to genetic tests.13 According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for（A）establishing disease correlations.（B） discovering gene interactions.（C） dra
34、wing pictures of genes.（D）identifying human DNA.14 By saying “Each meeting was packed“(Para. 6), the author means that（A）the supreme court was authoritative.（B） the BIO was a powerful organization.（C） gene patenting was a great concern.（D）lawyers were keen to attend conventions.15 Generally speaking
35、, the authors attitude toward gene patenting is（A）critical.（B） supportive.（C） scornful.（D）objective.15 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equal
36、ly competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; an
37、d that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representa
38、tives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States h
39、ad prohibited intentional racial discrimination injury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include
40、 women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have
41、their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic ref
42、orms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representati
43、ve of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination injury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.16 From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that（A）both lite
44、rate and illiterate people can serve on juries.（B） defendants are immune from trial by their peers.（C） no age limit should be imposed for jury service.（D）judgment should consider the opinion of the public.17 The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed（A）the inadequacy of an
45、tidiscrimination laws.（B） the prevalent discrimination against certain races.（C） the conflicting ideals injury selection procedures.（D）the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges.18 Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because（A）they were automatically banned
46、by state laws.（B） they fell far short of the required qualifications.（C） they were supposed to perform domestic duties.（D）they tended to evade public engagement.19 After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed（A）sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished.
47、（B） educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors.（C） jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community.（D）states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system.20 In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on（A）i
48、ts nature and problems.（B） its characteristics and tradition.（C） its problems and their solutions.（D）its tradition and development.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 454 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 A【试题解析
49、】 含义题。从作者的语气“such a tiny slice” ，“repeatedly”，及第一段结尾作者的态度“I despaired at the singular lack of imagination”可知，作者认为女生的生活充斥着单一的粉色，既无变化也无 新意，粉色的东西不应该是女孩生活的全部，就像彩虹有很多种颜色一样，所有 A 项符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段，由“Blue,symbolized femininity”可知蓝色曾经被认 为是女孩子的颜色，B 项符合题意，故为正确答案。根据文章第二段第一句话，前半部分是说“女 孩对于粉色的关注看起来好像是不可避免的，好像基因里就这样决定了”，but 之后是对前者的 否定，故 A 项不对；根据第二段的第 6 行“pink was actually considered the more masculine colour” 可以看出 C 项也不对；根据第二段第 4、5 行，可以得知，孩子们穿白色是属于以前的情况，并非现 在的事实，而 D 项的时态是指一般现在时，时态不符合。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段首句
