1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 17 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Kids spend an increasing fraction of their formative years online. It is a habit they dutifully【C1】_into adulthood. Under the right
2、 circumstances, however, a love affair with the Internet may spiral out of【C2】_and even become an addiction.Whereas descriptions of online addiction are controversial【C3】_among researchers, a new study cuts through much of the【C4 】_and hints that excessive time online can physically rewire a brain.
3、The work, published June 3 in PLoS ONE,【 C5】_self-assessed Internet addiction, primarily【C6】_online multiplayer games, rewires structures deep in the brain. Whats more, surface-level brain matter appears to shrink【C7】_the duration of online addiction. Loosely defined, addiction is a disease of the b
4、rain that【C8】_someone to obsess over, obtain and abuse something, 【C9】_unpleasant health or social effects. “Internet addiction“ definitions【C10】_the complete range, 【C11】_most researchers similarly describe it as excessive Internet use that【C12】_with the rhythm of daily life. However, 【C13】_addicti
5、ons to substances such as narcotics or nicotine, behavioral addictions to the Internet, food, shopping and even sex are touchy【C14】_medical and brain researchers. Only gambling seems【C15】_to make it into the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Nevertheless, Asia
6、n nations are not【C16】_for a universal definition of Internet addiction disorder. China is considered by many to be both an epicenter of Internet addiction and a leader in research of the problem. As much as 14 percent of urban youth there fit the【C17】_as Internet addicts. Parents and kids face extr
7、eme pressure to【C18】_at work and in school, but cheap Internet cafes【C19 】_around the corner on most blocks.【C20】_, immersive online game realities like World of Warcraft await and allow just about anyone to check out of reality. 306 words1 【C1 】（A）carry（B） send（C） pack（D）fit2 【C2 】（A）date（B） sight（
8、C） control（D）place3 【C3 】（A）at length（B） at hand（C） at large（D）at best4 【C4 】（A）links（B） details（C） debate（D）illusion5 【C5 】（A）supposes（B） suggests（C） admits（D）determines6 【C6 】（A）over（B） towards（C） into（D）through7 【C7 】（A）in step with（B） in touch with（C） by means of（D）by order of8 【C8 】（A）intends（B
9、） subjects（C） compels（D）prompts9 【C9 】（A）against（B） as（C） besides（D）despite10 【C10 】（A）keep（B） run（C） change（D）set11 【C11 】（A）because（B） and（C） after（D）but12 【C12 】（A）interferes（B） contrasts（C） conforms（D）interacts13 【C13 】（A）except（B） unlike（C） without（D）beyond14 【C14 】（A）about（B） around（C） among（D
10、）at15 【C15 】（A）destined（B） dedicated（C） tended（D）obliged16 【C16 】（A）waiting around（B） making up（C） setting apart（D）looking out17 【C17 】（A）need（B） bill（C） mood（D）trend18 【C18 】（A）submit（B） perform（C） decide（D）pretend19 【C19 】（A）turn（B） hang（C） loom（D）merge20 【C20 】（A）Forwards（B） Outside（C） Afterwards
11、（D）InsidePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 From The Tipping Point to Nudge, the rise of pop-social science has been a noticeable feature of the past decade in publishing. Not everyone is impressed. I recently
12、 interviewed a professor of education who is an expert in policy evaluation. She lamented the fact that politicians tend to get their facts from popular social science books containing inaccuracies.I think the professor was right to worry about ministerial exposure to authors such as Malcolm Gladwel
13、l, Dan Ariely and even Tim Harford but not for quite the right reasons. The problem is not that such authors are inaccurate. Im not sure that they are. Gladwell has plenty of critics, but I find him a careful reporter. And I am told Tim Harford is all but infallible.Yet infallibility is not enough.
14、Its perfectly possible for an author to do nothing but weave together credible, peer-reviewed research and yet produce a highly partial view of reality. Different pieces of research invariably point in different directions. Dan Arielys Predictably Irrational is full of examples of irrational behavio
15、ur. My own Logic of Life is full of examples of rational behaviour. Occasionally I am asked to explain the contradiction, but if there is a contradiction, it is a subtle one.If Ariely describes a rainy day and I describe a sunny one, we are not really contradicting each other. We each offer our spin
16、, but its really about whether most people expect sunshine or rain: Dan says that its rainier than we tend to think, while I say the sun shines more often than anyone would credit. A serious review of this metaphorical evidence would count up the rainy days and the sunny ones.For real policy questio
17、ns, such reviews exist. They are called systemic reviews. They should be the first port of call for anyone wanting to understand what works. But they are not exactly bestsellers in airport bookshops.Quite apart from the fact that nobody wants to read all the evidence, there is a deep problem with th
18、e way evidence is selected throughout academia. Even a studiously impartial literature review will be biased towards published results. Many findings are never published because they just arent very intriguing. Alas, boring or disappointing evidence is still evidence. It is dangerous to discard it,
19、but lets not blame Malcolm Gladwell just because he doesnt stick it on page one.Theres a hierarchy of evidence here. The systemic review tries to track down unpublished research as well as what makes it into the journals. A less careful review will often be biased towards results that are interestin
20、g. A peer-reviewed article presents a single result, while a popular social-science book will highlight a series of results that tell a tale. The final selection mechanism is the reader, who will half-remember some findings and forget the rest.Those of us who tell ourselves we are curious about the
21、world are actually swimming in “evidence“ that has been filtered again and again in favour of interestingness. Its a heady and perhaps toxic drink, but we shouldnt blame popularisers alone for our choice to dive in. 515 words21 The author might agree to the statement that_.（A）publishers should produ
22、ce less social science books（B） social science writers should enhance their accuracy（C） critics should discard their prejudice against pop social science writers（D）policy makers should not base their decisions on pop social science books22 Predictably Irrational and Logic of Life are mentioned to sh
23、ow that_.（A）nearly all the peer-reviewed researches are partial reviews of reality（B） two seemingly contradictory ideas can be in fact consistent with each other（C） the combination of two partial views can form a systemic one（D）the synthesis of accurate evidences may be a partial view of reality23 “
24、A sunny day“ to “a rainy one“ in paragraph 4 metaphorically refers to_.（A）a basically accurate social science field to “a social science field full of inaccuracies“（B） a rationality-oriented society to “a society filled with irrational behaviors“（C） a world cherishing evidence to “a world neglecting
25、 evidence“（D） a policy system based on systemic reviews to “a policy system guided by biased reviews“24 It can be inferred that the lack, of systemic reviews should be mainly blamed on_.（A）the publishing system（B） the policy system（C） social science authors（D）scientific researchers25 The text intend
26、s to tell information users that its essential to_.（A）remain sober-minded before intriguing research（B） produce a correct view of reality from contradictory researches（C） compromise between interestingness and objectiveness（D）extract concrete facts from pop social science25 Perhaps nothing will be a
27、s surprising about 21st-century America as its settledness. For more than a generation Americans have believed that “spatial mobility“ would increase, and, as it did, feed an irresistible trend toward rootlessness.Yet in reality Americans actually are becoming less nomadic. As recently as the 1970s
28、as many as one in five people moved annually; by 2006, long before the current recession took hold, that number was 14 percent, the lowest rate since the census starting following movement in 1940. Since then tougher times have accelerated these trends, in large part because opportunities to sell ho
29、uses and find new employment have dried up. The stay-at-home trend appears particularly strong among aging boomers, who are largely rejecting Sunbelt retirement condos to stay at their suburban homesclose to family, friends, and familiar surroundings.The trend will not bring back the corner grocery
30、stores and the declining organizations bowling leagues, and suchcited as the traditional glue of American communities. Nor will our car-oriented suburbs replicate the close neighborhood feel so celebrated by romantic urbanists. Instead, were evolving in ways that fit a postindustrial society. It wil
31、l not spell the death of Wal-Mart, but will express itself in scores of alternative institutions, such as thriving local weekly newspapers, a niche that has withstood the shift to the Internet far better than big-city dailies.Our less mobile nature is already reshaping the corporate world. The kind
32、of corporate nomadism in which families relocate every couple of years so the breadwinner can reach the next rung on the managerial ladder, will become less common in years ahead. A handful of corporate executives may still move from place to place, but surveys reveal many executives are now unwilli
33、ng to move even for a good promotion. Why? Family and technology are two key factors working against nomadism.Family, as one Pew researcher notes, “trumps money when people make decisions about where to live. “ Interdependence is replacing independence. More parents are helping their children financ
34、ially well into their 30s and 40s; the numbers of “boomerang kids“ moving back home with their parents, has also been growing as job options and the ability to buy houses has decreased for the young. Recent surveys of the emerging millennial generation suggest this family-centric focus will last wel
35、l into the coming decades.Nothing allows for geographic choice more than the ability to work at home. By 2015, suggests demographer Wendell Cox, there will be more people working electronically at home full time than taking mass transit, making it the largest potential source of energy savings on tr
36、ansportation. These home-based workers become critical to the localist economy. They will eat in local restaurants, take their kids to soccer practices, or youth-group meetings. This is not merely a suburban phenomenon; localism also means a stronger sense of identity for urban neighborhoods as well
37、 as smaller towns. After decades of frenzied mobility and homogenization, we are seeing a return to placeness, along with more choices for individuals, families, and communities. 503 words26 Which of the following statement is true according to the first two paragraphs?（A）The trend toward rootlessne
38、ss has speeded up spatial mobility.（B） Economic recessions have accelerated Americans settledness.（C） The lack of employment opportunities has slowed down the stay-at-home trend.（D）The current recession has led to an increase in the number of stay-at-home aging boomers.27 According to the author, a
39、postindustrial society will_.（A）revive the traditional glue of communities（B） reemphasize the close neighborhood feel（C） possess diversified business institutions（D）experience a growth in spatial mobility28 Compared with their parents, the present youth are_.（A）more desirous of promotion（B） more int
40、erested in money（C） less independent（D）less family-focused29 The home-based workers will_.（A）affect Americans economy model greatly（B） prolong the current economic depression（C） lower the value of neighborhoods（D）contributes to the homogenization of America30 Regarding the stay-at-home trend, the au
41、thors attitude is one of_.（A）warm welcome（B） reluctant acceptance（C） intense resistance（D）slight contempt30 Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. So melted into pop culture are the five stages of grief introduced in the 1960s by psychiatrist Elisabeth Kbler-Ross based on her studies of
42、the emotional state of dying patients that they are regularly referenced without explanation.There appears to be no evidence, however, that most people most of the time go through most of the stages in this or any other order. According to Russell P. Friedman, executive director of the Grief Recover
43、y Institute in Sherman Oaks, “no study has ever established that stages of grief actually exist, and what are defined as such cant be called stages. Grief is the normal and natural emotional response to loss. No matter how much people want to create simple, bullet-point guidelines for the human emot
44、ions of grief, there are no stages of grief that fit any two people or relationships. “ Friedmans assessment comes from daily encounters with people experiencing grief in his practice.University of Memphis psychologist Robert A. Neimeyer confirms this analysis. He concluded in his scholarly book Mea
45、ning Reconstruction and the Experience of Loss: “At the most obvious level, scientific studies have failed to support any sequence of emotional phases of adaptation to loss or to identify any clear end point to grieving that would designate a state of recovery. “Nevertheless, the urge to compress th
46、e complexities of life into neat and tidy stages is irresistible. For example, Harvard University psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg postulated that our moral development progresses through six stages: parental punishment, selfish hedonism, peer pressure, law and order, social contract and principled co
47、nscience.Why stages? We are pattern-seeking, storytelling primates trying to make sense of an often chaotic and unpredictable world. A stage theory works in a manner similar to a species-classification heuristic or an evolutionary-sequence schema. Stages also fit well into a chronological sequence w
48、here stories have set narrative patterns. Stage theories “impose order on chaos, offer predictability over uncertainty, and optimism over despair,“ explained social psychologist Carol Tavris. “One appeal of stage theories is that they tell a story they give us a narrative to live by (you feel this n
49、ow, but soon . ). “Whats wrong with stages? First, Tavris noted, “in developmental psychology, the notion of predictable life stages is toast. Those stage theories reflected a time when most people marched through life predictably: marrying at an early age; then having children when young; then work, work, work; then maybe a midlife crisis; then retirement; then death. Those passages theories evapor
