1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 175 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The Earths daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock,【B1】_, is actually about twenty-fiv
2、e hours. Thats【B2 】 _scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no【B3】_of day or night. Sleep researchers have【B4】_other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleep
3、ing,【B5】_eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as【B6】_as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of【B7】_into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept【B8】_for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: S
4、leep loss makes a person sleepy and thats about all: it causes no lasting ill【 B9】_Too much sleep, however, may be【B10】_for you.These findings【B11】_some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In【B12】_, scientists dont know just why sleep is nec
5、essary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,“ Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function,【B13 】_we feel it has a function. We cant put our finger on it, but it must,【 B14】 _in some way, direct or indirect, have to do wit
6、h rest and restitution. “Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than【B15】_actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the【B16】_thing for them to do: it keeps them【B17】_and hidden from predators: its a survival tactic. Before the advent of
7、 electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in【B18】_and had little reason to question the reason or need for【B19】_But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic【B20】_in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for s
8、cientific inquiry in the subject.1 【B1 】（A）however（B） furthermore（C） likewise（D）therefore2 【B2 】（A）the（B） what（C） because（D）many3 【B3 】（A）idea（B） feeling（C） sense（D）judgment4 【B4 】（A）come up against（B） come down to（C） come up with（D）come up to5 【B5 】（A）with（B） like（C） unlike（D）as6 【B6 】（A）little（B）
9、much（C） few（D）long7 【B7 】（A）probe（B） investigation（C） research（D）examination8 【B8 】（A）asleep（B） sleepy（C） active（D）awake9 【B9 】（A）effects（B） affections（C） affects（D）impacts10 【B10 】（A）useful（B） good（C） bad（D）harmful11 【B11 】（A）challenge（B） deny（C） doubt（D）dispute12 【B12 】（A）addition（B） fact（C） line（
10、D）short13 【B13 】（A）if（B） because（C） like（D）provided14 【B14 】（A）at least（B） at most（C） at best（D）at worst15 【B15 】（A）from（B） an（C） the（D）of16 【B16 】（A）worst（B） best（C） only（D）natural17 【B17 】（A）comfortable（B） calm（C） quiet（D）excited18 【B18 】（A）coldness（B） warmth（C） darkness（D）shade19 【B19 】（A）sleep（B
11、） work（C） food（D）clothes20 【B20 】（A）differences（B） similarities（C） resemblance（D）oppositesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 For many years, smokers have been admonished to take the initiative and quit: chew n
12、icotine gum, use a nicotine patch , take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focu
13、s on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit.The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the Universi
14、ty of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends.It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 2
15、1 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effectsmokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were o
16、nly loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said. “Whole constellations are blinking off at once. “As cluster after cluster o
17、f smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers. “ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he sai
18、d. “But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away. “There is an essential public health message,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, p
19、eople have to take responsibility for their behavior,“ Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, “can just overpower free will. “ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Schroeder of the University of California, San Francisco
20、, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smokingpersons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both. “21 Which of the following statements is true according
21、 to the opening paragraph?（A）Smokers have been prevented from quitting smoking for many years.（B） It is rare that smokers decide to quit.（C） It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups.（D）Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.22 The word “en masse“(paragraph 3)most probabl
22、y means（A）in the end.（B） all together.（C） at large.（D）respectively.23 By saying “but now theyve become wallflowers“(Line 3, Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler aims at showing that（A）those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking.（B） those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous g
23、roups.（C） those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties.（D）smoking in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and society alike.24 What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（A）Smokers neglecting social environment are self-centered.（B） Social responsibility is widely-ack
24、nowledged.（C） It is wrong-headed to go on smoking.（D）Social influence on smoking is double-edged.25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking（B） How to Quit Smoking Effectively（C） Ripple Effect within Social Networks（D）Marginalization of Smo
25、king Is Dangerous25 There are always good reasons for people to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankinds humanity. It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement t
26、o abolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of people go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once
27、reserved for mankind to other species.But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places sa
28、fely hidden from the meat-eater s gaze and the childs story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade(much of which is from farmed animals)quite happily wear leather(also from farmed animals).Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people ca
29、nnot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction Open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most peoples lives, it is particularly vulnerable to t
30、heir campaigns.In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Anim
31、al research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research.And science is, by and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million(mainly rats and mice)that die in Bri
32、tains laboratories are much better looked-after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so(mainly chickens)on Britains farms. In fact, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows, you can be quite sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.
33、26 The aim of the first paragraph is（A）putting forward sound reason to care about the welfare of animals.（B） emphasizing the glory of the Enlightenment.（C） Introducing the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.（D）providing background knowledge for the discussion to be expanded.27 Th
34、e inconsistency in our routine lives is defined by enumerating（A）the deeds conducted by Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton.（B） the understanding of the ancient times concerning a system of rights.（C） the people who condemn the fur-trade but merrily wear leather.（D）the comprehension of the way to the extremis
35、t.28 We can infer from the third paragraph that（A）the publics ignorance of scientific research results in attacks on science.（B） a measure of mankinds humanity is taken into account.（C） confusion and contradiction result from vulnerable campaigns.（D）the debate is bound to aggravate in the next decad
36、e.29 With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（A）Even if they deplore the activitist s use of intimidation and violence, animal lovers everywhere can sure rejoice today.（B） Science shouldnt be the target of protests, whatever you think of animal rights.（C） Over the
37、 years something good has come from the campaign against the animal industry.（D）It is a sensible move that Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows.30 In the text, a comparison is made so as to（A）abolish the animals trade.（B） elaborate a higher purpose of animal resear
38、ch.（C） warn that human beings have a duty not to cause pain to animals.（D）assert that science is, by and large, kind to its animals.30 Marketers like to work on the demand sidetake whats in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already
39、 made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. It s the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and well increase demand.Theres an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others cant, you win. What is both scarce and in de
40、mand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sellmaybe an unpopular idea or a product thats ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected w
41、orld is the product of difficult work.Its no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesn t apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to
42、 do. Its easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isnt difficult. Neither is running a high-traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the dollar.With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe
43、 are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And theres not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your onl
44、y alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for.Whats difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether its the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel
45、 approach to a problem. Maybe it s captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solutiona “beautiful“ solutionto an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people.Leading changes is difficult. Its difficu
46、lt to find, hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. Its difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. Its difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed.People who can do difficult work will always be in d
47、emand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busy work, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. Thats true of individuals, and also true of companies. Thats because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, mar
48、ginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization.No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.31 In the text, difficult things are characterized by（A）meeting overlooked demands.（B） requiring
49、 big investments.（C） having scarce replacements.（D）challenging public tastes.32 What can we infer from paragraph 3 and 4 ?（A）The lack of difficulty increases producers competitive strength.（B） Commoditization reduces producers difficulty in management.（C） Globalization has led to the race to the bottom.（D）Consumers hardly benefit from the competition among produces.33 According to the text, which of the following can be seen as difficult
