1、考研英语模拟试卷 288 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the【1】of life at a fundamental level-the gene. The study of gen
2、etics has【2】a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggests, it【3】biology and modern technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working feverishly to【4】seeds that give a high yield, that【5】disease, drought
3、and frost, and that reduce the need for【6】chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most【7】. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain【8】. A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will
4、never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering【 9】usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another【10】 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze【11】from an arctic fis
5、h, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant.【12 】, then, biotechnology allows humans to【13】the genetic walls that separate species.Like the green revolution,【14】some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity-some say even more【15】genetic
6、ists can employ techniques such as cloning and【16】culture, processes that produce perfectly【17】copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new【18】 , such as the effect they may have on us and environment. “.We are flying blindly i
7、nto a new【19】of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints and little idea of the potential【20】,“ said science writer Jemery Rifkin.（A）manipulation（B） management（C） manufacturer（D）maturity（A）got along with（B） given rise to（C） come up with（D）lived up to（A）broods（B） bleeds（C） blends（D
8、）blasts（A）hatch（B） train（C） duplicate（D）patent（A）restrict（B） resist（C） reverse（D）retrieve（A）hostile（B） hydraulic（C） hazardous（D）harmless（A）beneficial（B） disappointing（C） surprising（D）extreme（A）lines（B） limits（C） space（D）ages（A）after all（B） on the other hand（C） in any case（D）as a result（A）to the poin
9、t（B） in not case（C） in any attempt（D）with regard（A）quality（B） property（C） priority（D）quantity（A）In essence（B） In part（C） In advance（D）In return（A）brake（B） blaze（C） breach（D）brand（A）what（B） as（C） where（D）so（A）so that（B） because（C） if（D）when（A）skin（B） tissue（C） organ（D）muscle（A）resembling（B） like（C） s
10、imilar（D）identical（A）issues（B） height（C） difficulties（D）goals（A）spot（B） era（C） deadline（D）scheme（A）navigation（B） mystery（C） outcome（D）destinationPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Placing a human being behind
11、the wheel of an automobile often has the same curious effect as cutting certain fibres in the brain.The result in either case is more primitive behaviour. Hostile feelings are apt to be expressed in an aggressive way.The same man who will step aside for a stranger at a doorway will, when behind the
12、wheel, risk an accident trying to beat another motorist through an intersection. The importance of emotional factors in automobile accidents is gaining recognition. Doctors and other scientists have concluded that the highway death toll resembles an epidemic and should be investigated as such.Dr. Ro
13、ss A. McFarland, Associate Professor of Industrial Hygiene at the Harvard University School of Public Health, said that accidents “now constitute a greater threat to the safety of large segments of the population than diseases do. ”Accidents are the leading cause of death between the ages of 1 and 3
14、5. About one third of all accidental deaths and one seventh of all accidental injuries are caused by motor vehicles.Based on the present rate of vehicle registration, unless the accident rate is cut in half, one of every 10 persons in the country will be killed or injured in a traffic accident in th
15、e next 15 years.Research to find the underlying causes of accidents and to develop ways to detect drivers who are apt to cause them is being conducted at universities and medical centres. Here are some of their findings so far:A man drives as he lives. If he is often in trouble with collection agenc
16、ies, the courts, and police, chances are he will have repeated automobile accidents. Accident repeaters usually are egocentric, exhibitionistic, resentful of authority, impulsive, and lacking in social responsibility. As group, they can be classified as borderline psychopathic personalities, accordi
17、ng to Dr. McFarland.The suspicion, however, that accident repeaters could be detected in advance by screening out persons with more hostile impulses is false. A study at the University of Colorado showed that there were just as many overly hostile persons among those who had no accidents as among th
18、ose with repeated accidents.Psychologists currently are studying Denver high school pupils to test the validity of this concept. They are making psychological evaluations of the pupils to see whether subsequent driving records will bear out their thesis. 21 The author believes that, behind the wheel
19、 of an automobile, some people act（A）as though they were uncivilized.（B） as though they should change their attitudes from hostility to amicability.（C） as though their brain fibres needed cutting.（D）as though they wanted to repress hostile feelings. 22 By saying “The same man .will .risk an accident
20、 .”(Line 1-2, Para. 3), the author means that（A）a gentle man can change into a rude driver.（B） its difficult for a driver to control himself when behind the wheel of an automobile.（C） to drive has been a way for some drivers to express their hostile feelings.（D）the emotional factors have been the le
21、ading cause of automobile accidents. 23 Dr. McFarland emphasizes the great menace of accidents by comparing it to（A）psychopathic behaviour.（B） an epidemic.（C） hostile attitudes.（D）antisocial behaviour. 24 Which of the following is true about the traffic accidents?（A）They have threatened the safety o
22、f the population as diseases do.（B） They will claim 10 percent lives in the next 15 years.（C） One third of victims in them are dead in the end.（D）The underlying causes of them are still being detected. 25 According to the text, studies at leading universities have shown that（A）accident repeaters can
23、 be detected in advance.（B） accident repeaters are in trouble with collection agencies.（C） accident repeaters cannot be discovered on the basis of generally hostile attitudes.（D）accident repeaters drive entirely differently from the way they usually live. 25 Whether to teach young children a second
24、language is disputed among teachers, researchers and pushy parents. On the one hand, acquiring a new tongue is said to be far easier when young. On the other, teachers complain that children whose parents speak a language at home that is different from the one used in the classroom sometimes struggl
25、e in their lessons and are slower to reach linguistic milestones. Would a 15-month-old child, they wonder, not be better off going to music classes?A study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences may help resolve this question by getting to the point of what is going on
26、 in a bilingual childs brain, how a second language affects the way he thinks, and thus in what circumstances being bilingual may be helpful. Agnes Kovacs and Jacques Mehler at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste say that some aspects of the cognitive development of infants rais
27、ed in a bilingual household must be undergoing acceleration in order to manage which of the two languages they are dealing with.The aspect of cognition in question is part of what is termed the brains “executive function”. This allows people to organise, plan, prioritise activity, shift their attent
28、ion from one thing to another and suppress habitual responses. Bilingualism is common in Trieste which, though Italian, is almost surrounded by Slovenia. So Dr. Kovacs and Dr. Mehler looked at 40 “preverbal” seven-month-olds, half raised in monolingual and half in bilingual households, and compared
29、their performances in a task that needs control of executive function.First, the babies were trained to expect the appearance of a puppet on a screen after they had heard a set of meaningless words invented by the researchers. Then the words, and the location of the puppet, were changed. When this w
30、as done, the babies who speak only one language had difficulty overcoming their learnt response, even when the researchers gave them further clues that a switch had taken place. The bilingual babies, however, found it far easier to switch their attention counteracting the previously learnt, but no l
31、onger useful response.Monitoring languages and .keeping them separate is part of the brains executive function, so these findings suggest that even before a child can speak, a bilingual environment may speed up that functions development. Before rushing your offspring into bilingual kindergartens, t
32、hough, there are a few cautions. For one thing, these extraordinary cognitive benefits have been demonstrated so far only in “crib” bilinguals those living in households where two languages are spoken routinely. The researchers speculate that it might be the fact of having to learn two languages in
33、the same setting that requires greater use of executive function. So whether those benefits apply to children who learn one language at home, and one at school, remains unclear.26 Who are probably pushing young children to study a new language?（A）Parents.（B） Teachers.（C） Researchers.（D）Children them
34、selves. 27 What is going on in a bilingual childs brain according to the new study?（A）The executive function is being developed more slowly.（B） The executive function is being developed more rapidly.（C） The aural nerve centre is being developed more slowly.（D）The aural nerve centre is being develope
35、d more rapidly. 28 How does a second language affect the way a young child behaves according to the new study?（A）It shortens his focus time on anything learnt.（B） It always switches his attention to new information.（C） It makes him able to predict the appearance of a person.（D）It makes him far easie
36、r to overcome his learnt response. 29 The new study concluded that being bilingual is found helpful（A）only when you use a foreign language to talk with foreigners.（B） only when you have to learn two languages in the same setting.（C） only when you speak different languages in school and at home.（D）on
37、ly when you speak foreign languages both in school and at home. 30 According to the author, rushing young children into bilingual kindergartens（A）may not speed up the executive function.（B） is not useful to develop the brain.（C） is useful for the executive function.（D）may quicken them to reach lingu
38、istic milestones. 30 I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on ones own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial
39、traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its v
40、igor is still remarkable.Our local grocers shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queueing up anonymously at a supermarket. And th
41、e proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch, hour to take a piece of cheese to an old-age p
42、ensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer a red-fac
43、ed figure, instantly obtains it for them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of in
44、dustry or commerce.Most of the village shopkeepers I know, at any rate, are decidedly individualist in their ways. For exampie, our shoemaker is a formidable figure: a thick-set, irritable man whom children treat with marked respect, knowing that an ill-judged word can provoke an angry eruption at a
45、ny time. He stares with contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass-produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash? But we all know he will in fact do excellent work upon them. And he makes beautiful
46、shoes for those who can afford such luxury.31 The services available in villages nowadays are（A）fewer but still very active.（B） less successful than earlier but managing to survive.（C） active in providing food and antiques.（D）surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them. 32 The loca
47、l grocers shop is expanding even though（A）town shops are better at promotion.（B） town shops are larger and more convenient.（C） town shops enjoy price advantages.（D）people get extra service in town shops. 33 Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that（A）there is a wide ra
48、nge of goods available.（B） goods not in stock can be especially obtained for the old.（C） special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customers.（D）goods are always restocked before they run out. 34 The author cited the example of the shoemaker to show that（A）the village provides a chance for
49、 an individual to get along by his own efforts.（B） most of the village shopkeepers are bad-tempered.（C） village shopkeepers look down upon the poor.（D）village shopkeepers are all good craftsmen. 35 In what way is the village shoemaker a “formidable figure”?（A）He seems to pay little attention to public opinion.（B） He refuses to mend cheap, mass-produced shoes.（C） He is bad-tempered as well as an excellent craftsman.（D）He has very high standards of workmanship. 35 The first technological revolution in modern biology started when James Watson and Francis Crick described th
