1、2016 年宁波大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷及答案与解析一、Vocabulary1 Even though he was guilty, the_judge did not send him to prison.（A）merciful（B） impartial（C） conscientious（D）conspicuous2 The education_for the coming year is about $ 4 billion, which is much more than what people expected.（A）allowance（B） reservation（C） budget（
2、D）finance3 They had fierce_as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.（A）debate（B） clash（C） disagreement（D）context4 They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make_of them.（A）impression（B） comprehension（C） meaning（
3、D）sense5 The politician says he will_the welfare of the people.（A）prey on（B） take on（C） get at（D）see to6 If you_the bottle and cigarettes, youll be much healthier.（A）takeoff（B） keep off（C） get off（D）set off7 He was_to steal the money when he saw it lying on the table.（A）dragged（B） tempted（C） elicite
4、d（D）attracted8 Being somewhat short-sighted, she had the habit of_at people.（A）glancing（B） peering（C） gazing（D）scanning9 Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the_majority are inactive.（A）tremendous（B） demanding（C） intensive（D）overwhelming10 In general, matters which lie entirely within
5、state borders are the_concern of state governments.（A）extinct（B） excluding（C） excessive（D）exclusive11 The food was rather_and needed gingering up.（A）slippery（B） inscribe（C） invisible（D）insipid12 I dont_expert knowledge of this subject.（A）profess（B） confess（C） confirm（D）confront13 He had no_about his
6、 talents as a singer.（A）illuminations（B） illustrations（C） allusions（D）illusions14 There is not much time left; so Ill tell you about it_.（A）in detail（B） in brief（C） in short（D）in all15 In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully_.（A）admitted（B） acknowledged（C） ab
7、sorbed（D）considered16 There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise.（A）being there（B） should there be（C） there was（D）there having been17 By the year 2050, scientists probably_a cure for cancer.（A）will be discovering（B） are discovering（C） will have discovere
8、d（D）have discovered18 Jim isnt_, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.（A）gloomy（B） dull（C） awkward（D）tedious19 The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents_.（A）command（B） conviction（C） consent（D）compromise20 He had_on the subject.（A）a rather stron
9、g opinion（B） rather strong opinion（C） rather the strong opinion（D）the rather strong opinion二、Reading Comprehension20 Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders? Is it not the soldiers first duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors? And apart
10、 from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to do? If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground that the burning or shooting was a vi
11、olation of the laws of war?These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called “superior orders“, and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, a
12、fter the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground “that all he did was as a soldier, by the command of his superior officer whom he must obey or die,“ but the co
13、urt gave him short shrift, saying that “when the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous.“Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldiers duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey and in
14、deed must, under some circumstances unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders will justify a subordinates conduct only “if not to perform a prohibited act“, and there are many other ea
15、rly decisions to the same effect.A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict of which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was badly split by that war too and, at a time when the United
16、 States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A pass-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evid
17、ence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked “ would be illegal and void“ , and
18、, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder. In consequence, Bevans was convicted.The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; perhaps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that li
19、teral compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the subordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?21 It can be in
20、ferred from Para. 1 that if a soldier obeys his superiors order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, _.（A）he is right according to moral standards（B） he should not receive any punishment（C） he should certainly be liable for his action（D）he will be convicted according to the law of war22 What was t
21、he rule implied by the trail of the commander of the guards?（A）A soldier must obey lawful orders, be he right or wrong.（B） Even if an order is unlawful, the soldier must still obey it.（C） A soldier may or must disobey unlawful orders or he must die.（D）It is the soldiers duty to obey superior orders
22、whatever they are.23 The phrase “to the same effect“ (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means “which“ _.（A）are of the similar meaning（B） have the same purpose（C） must be put into effect（D）lead to the same result24 According to the fourth paragraph, Bevans was found guilty because he_.（A）obey illega
23、l orders（B） was accused of murder（C） disobeyed the superior orders（D）offended against the law of war25 It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the authors attitude towards Bevans was_.（A）bewildering（B） indignant（C） approving（D）not quite sympathetic25 Americans today dont place a very high v
24、alue on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find
25、.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, conclu
26、ding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understa
27、nd the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society. “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and Professor Richard Hofs
28、tadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
29、 Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in
30、schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate g
31、oodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theo
32、rizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellect
33、ual promise.“26 What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（A）The habit of thinking independently.（B） Profound knowledge of the world.（C） Practical abilities for future career.（D）The confidence in intellectual pursuits.27 We can learn from the text that Americans have a hist
34、ory of_.（A）undervaluing intellect（B） favoring intellectualism（C） supporting school reform（D）suppressing native intelligence28 The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are_.（A）identical（B） similar（C） complementary（D）opposite29 Emerson, according to the text, is probably_.（A）a pioneer of educatio
35、n reform（B） an opponent of intellectualism（C） a scholar in favor of intellect（D）an advocate of regular schooling 30 What does the author think of intellect?（A）It is second to intelligence.（B） It evolves from common sense.（C） It is to be pursued.（D）It underlies power.30 There are good reasons to be t
36、roubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world vio
37、lence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors“ as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain
38、individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “ At this t
39、ime, well over 1,000 studies.point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they s
40、aid) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression“, only 28% supported a connection.The critical point her
41、e is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record t
42、he time it takes game players to read “aggressive“ or “non-aggressive“ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assu
43、mptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when do
44、ing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society. 31 Why is there so much vi
45、olence shown in movies, TV and video games?（A）There is a lot of violence in the real world today.（B） Something has gone wrong with todays society.（C） Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.（D）Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.32 What is the skeptics (Line 3, Paragraph 3) view of
46、media violence?（A）Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.（B） Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.（C） A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.（D）The influence of media violence on children has been underesti
47、mated.33 The author uses the term “alarmists“ (Line 1, Paragraph 5) to refer to those who_.（A）use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence（B） initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality（C） assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior（D）
48、use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior34 In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging_.（A）the source and amount of their data（B） the targets of their observation（C） their system of measurement（D）their definition of violence35 What does the au
49、thor think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?（A）More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.（B） It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled（C） The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.（D）He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.35 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We are pu
