1、2012 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot【 B1】_its legitimacy as g
2、uardian of the rule of law【B2】_justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that【 B3】_the courts reputation for being independent and impartial Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr. , for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes
3、 it less likely that the courts decisions will be【B4】_as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not【B5 】_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself【B6】_to the code of conduct that【B7】_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases【B8】_the
4、 question of whether there is still a【B9】_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law【B10】_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions【B11】_they would be free to【B12 】_those in power and have no need to【B13】_political support. Our le
5、gal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely【B14】_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 【 B15】_like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it【B16】_is ines
6、capably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily【B17】_as unjust.The justices must【B18】_doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves【B19】_to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 【B20】_, c
7、onvincing as law.1 【B1 】（A）emphasize（B） maintain（C） modify（D）recognize2 【B2 】（A）when（B） best（C） before（D）unless3 【B3 】（A）rendered（B） weakened（C） established（D）eliminated4 【B4 】（A）challenged（B） compromised（C） suspected（D）accepted5 【B5 】（A）advanced（B） caught（C） bound（D）founded6 【B6 】（A）resistant（B） su
8、bject（C） immune（D）prone7 【B7 】（A）resorts（B） sticks（C） leads（D）applies8 【B8 】（A）evade（B） raise（C） deny（D）settle9 【B9 】（A）line（B） barrier（C） similarity（D）conflict10 【B10 】（A）by（B） as（C） through（D）towards11 【B11 】（A）so（B） since（C） provided（D）though12 【B12 】（A）serve（B） satisfy（C） upset（D）replace13 【B13
9、】（A）confirm（B） express（C） cultivate（D）offer14 【B14 】（A）guarded（B） followed（C） studied（D）tied15 【B15 】（A）concepts（B） theories（C） divisions（D）convenience16 【B16 】（A）excludes（B） questions（C） shapes（D）controls17 【B17 】（A）dismissed（B） released（C） ranked（D）distorted18 【B18 】（A）suppress（B） exploit（C） addre
10、ss（D）ignore19 【B19 】（A）accessible（B） amiable（C） agreeable（D）accountable20 【B20 】（A）by all means（B） at all costs（C） in a word（D）as a resultPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Come onEverybodys doing it. That whi
11、spered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good- -drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what s
12、he calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antis
13、moking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness o
14、f many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please dont smoke!“ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers, who des
15、ire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant
16、 detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveL
17、ife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of re-search shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtl
18、e form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by
19、 pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21 According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as_.（A）a suppleme
20、nt to the social cure（B） a stimulus to group dynamics（C） an obstacle to school progress（D）a cause of undesirable behaviors22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should_.（A）recruit professional advertisers（B） learn from advertisers experience（C） stay away from commercial advertisers（D）recognize the
21、 limitations of advertisements23 In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails to_.（A）adequately probe social and biological factors（B） effectively evade the flaws of the social cure（C） illustrate the functions of state funding（D）produce a long-lasting social effect24 Paragraph 5 shows that our imitati
22、on of behaviors_.（A）is harmful to our networks of friends（B） will mislead behavioral studies（C） occurs without our realizing it（D）can produce negative health habits25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is_.（A）harmful（B） desirable（C） profound（D）questionable25 A
23、 deal is a dealexcept, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done pr
24、ecisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Ve
25、rmonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subjec
26、t to the Vermont legislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an und
27、erground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys managementespecially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the compa
28、ny is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over
29、nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside
30、the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United Stat
31、es, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy a
32、re worth.26 The phrase “reneging on“ (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to_.（A）condemning（B） reaffirming（C） dishonoring（D）securing27 By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to_.（A）obtain protection from Vermont regulators（B） seek favor from the federal legislature（C） acquire an ex
33、tension of its business license（D）get permission to purchase a power plant28 According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its_.（A）managerial practices（B） technical innovativeness（C） financial goals（D）business vision29 In the authors view, the Vermont case will test_.（A）Entergys capa
34、city to fulfill all its promises（B） the mature of states patchwork regulations（C） the federal authority over nuclear issues（D）the limits of states power over nuclear issues30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）Entergys business elsewhere might be affected（B） the authority of the NRC
35、 will be defied（C） Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application（D）Vermonts reputation might be damaged30 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. B
36、ut in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subs
37、equent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discove
38、ry claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellect
39、ual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new f
40、inding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science
41、and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward
42、accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or
43、 refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. “ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling othe
44、rs what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens“ to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the min
45、d. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason. “31 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its_.（A）uncertainty and complexity（B） misconception and deceptiveness（C） logicality and objectivity（
46、D）systematicness and regularity32 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires_（A）strict inspection（B） shared efforts（C） individual wisdom（D）persistent innovation33 Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it_.（A）has attracted the attention of the gene
47、ral public（B） has been examined by the scientific community（C） has received recognition from editors and reviewers（D）has been frequently quoted by peer scientists34 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that_.（A）scientific claims will survive challenges（B） discoveries today inspire future res
48、earch（C） efforts to make discoveries are justified（D）scientific work calls for a critical mind35 Which of the following would be the best title of the test?（A）Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.（B） Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.（C） Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
49、（D）Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.35 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in
