1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T X.1211TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (09/2014) SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY Cyberspace security Cybersecurity Techniques for preventing web-based attacks Recommendation ITU-T X.1211 ITU-T X-SERIES RECOM
2、MENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS X.1X.199 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION X.200X.299 INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS X.300X.399 MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS X.400X.499 DIRECTORY X.500X.599 OSI NETWORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS X.600X.699 OSI MANAGEMENT X.700X
3、.799 SECURITY X.800X.849 OSI APPLICATIONS X.850X.899 OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING X.900X.999 INFORMATION AND NETWORK SECURITY General security aspects X.1000X.1029 Network security X.1030X.1049 Security management X.1050X.1069 Telebiometrics X.1080X.1099 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES Multicast sec
4、urity X.1100X.1109 Home network security X.1110X.1119 Mobile security X.1120X.1139 Web security X.1140X.1149 Security protocols X.1150X.1159 Peer-to-peer security X.1160X.1169 Networked ID security X.1170X.1179 IPTV security X.1180X.1199 CYBERSPACE SECURITY Cybersecurity X.1200X.1229Countering spam
5、X.1230X.1249 Identity management X.1250X.1279 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES Emergency communications X.1300X.1309 Ubiquitous sensor network security X.1310X.1339 CYBERSECURITY INFORMATION EXCHANGE Overview of cybersecurity X.1500X.1519 Vulnerability/state exchange X.1520X.1539 Event/incident/heur
6、istics exchange X.1540X.1549 Exchange of policies X.1550X.1559 Heuristics and information request X.1560X.1569 Identification and discovery X.1570X.1579 Assured exchange X.1580X.1589 CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY Overview of cloud computing security X.1600X.1601 Cloud computing security design X.1602X.16
7、39 Cloud computing security best practices and guidelines X.1640X.1659 Cloud computing security implementation X.1660X.1679 Other cloud computing security X.1680X.1699 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) i Recommendation ITU-T X.1211 Te
8、chniques for preventing web-based attacks Summary Recommendation ITU-T X.1211 describes techniques that can mitigate web-based attacks which occur when the vulnerabilities of the website hosts are exploited and malicious code is introduced that can infect a users computer. Several appendices illustr
9、ate how the attacks can occur as well as remediation steps. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID*1.0 ITU-T X.1211 2014-09-26 17 11.1002/1000/12154 Keywords Prevention, SQL injection, spyware, suspicious content, vulnerability, web-based attack. _ *To access the Recommendatio
10、n, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialize
11、d agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a
12、 view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recomme
13、ndations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conc
14、iseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommend
15、ation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
16、 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Righ
17、ts, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementer
18、s are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written perm
19、ission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 3 6 General overview 3 7 Web-based attack protection sys
20、tem techniques 4 7.1 General techniques . 4 7.2 Functional techniques . 4 7.3 Management techniques . 5 7.4 Security and privacy techniques . 5 8 Functions of the web-based attack protection system 5 9 Information exchange format . 6 Appendix I Scenarios for web-based attacks 7 I.1 Scenario for malw
21、are infection 7 I.2 Cross-site request forgery (CAPEC-62) . 7 I.3 Cross-site port attacks/server-side request forgery . 8 I.4 SQL injection 8 I.5 Detecting malware in websites . 9 Appendix II Method for infecting user computers with malware . 10 Appendix III Typical examples of obfuscation technique
22、 11 Appendix IV Prevention techniques for web-based attacks . 12 IV.1 Remove website vulnerabilities 12 IV.2 Signature matching . 12 IV.3 Site blacklisting 12 IV.4 Detection of obfuscating techniques 12 IV.5 Evaluation of suspicious content behaviour . 12 Appendix V Typical examples of application s
23、ecurity risks by OWASP 13 Bibliography. 22 Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) 1 Recommendation ITU-T X.1211 Techniques for preventing web-based attacks 1 Scope This Recommendation provides techniques for preventing web-based attacks. It describes the use scenarios to distributing malwares through the web a
24、s well as the functional techniques and functions to prevent web-based attacks. 2 References None. 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 asset b-ISO/IEC 27000: Anything that has value to the organization. NOTE There
25、are many types of assets, including: a) information; b) software, such as a computer program; c) physical, such as computer; d) services; e) people, and their qualifications, skills, and experience; and f) intangibles, such as reputation and image. 3.1.2 attack instance b-ITU-T X.1544: A specific de
26、tailed attack against an application or system targeting vulnerabilities or weaknesses in that system. 3.1.3 attack pattern b-ITU-T X.1544: An abstraction of common approaches of attack observed in the wild against applications or systems (e.g., SQL injection, man-in-the-middle, session hijacking).
27、NOTE A single attack pattern may potentially have many varying attack instances associable with it. 3.1.4 hypertext markup language (HTML) b-ITU-T M.3030: A system of coding information from a wide range of domains (e.g., text, graphics, database query results) for display by World Wide Web browsers
28、. Certain special codes, called tags, are embedded in the document so that the browser can be told how to render the information. 3.1.5 malware b-ISO/IEC 27033-1: Malicious software designed specifically to damage or disrupt a system, attacking confidentiality, integrity and/or availability. 3.1.6 o
29、bfuscation technique b-NIST SP 800-83: A way of constructing a virus to make it more difficult to detect. 3.1.7 personally identifiable information (PII) b-ITU-T X.1252: Any information a) that identifies or can be used to identify, contact, or locate the person to whom such information pertains; b)
30、 from which identification or contact information of an individual person can be derived; or c) that is or can be linked to a natural person directly or indirectly. 3.1.8 threat b-ITU-T X.800: A potential violation of security. 3.1.9 security domain b-ITU-T T.411: The set of resources subject to a s
31、ingle security policy. 2 Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) 3.1.10 security domain authority b-ITU-T X.810: A security authority that is responsible for the implementation of a security policy for a security domain. 3.1.11 security policy b-ITU-T T.411: The set of rules that specify the procedures and serv
32、ices required to maintain the intended level of security of a set of resources. 3.1.12 signature b-NIST SP 800-83: A set of characteristics of known malware instances that can be used to identify known malware and some new variants of known malware. 3.1.13 spyware b-NIST SP 800-83: Malware intended
33、to violate a users privacy. 3.1.14 web browser plug-in b-NIST SP 800-83: A mechanism for displaying or executing certain types of content through a Web browser. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 anomaly: A pattern in the data that does no
34、t conform to the expected behaviour. 3.2.2 drive-by-download attacks: A pattern of a web-based attack caused when a user visits a website that exploits browser vulnerabilities and launches the automatic download and installation of malware without the knowledge or permission of the user. 3.2.3 web-b
35、ased attack: A pattern of attacks in which the attackers compromise the legitimate websites resulting in a malicious code to be injected into an application, which in turn can be used to infect the users computer visiting those websites or use vulnerabilities of web sites to launch attacks for users
36、 computer systems that visit that web sites, which occurs without involvement of malware. 3.2.4 web-based attack protection system: A set of systems which detects vulnerabilities, malwares or malicious codes embedded in the legitimate website and informs the web administrator of the detection result
37、, leading ultimately to their removal. NOTE Detection activities may be planned by schedule or may be triggered by network events or requests from other systems. 3.2.5 zombie computer: A computer that has been compromised and controlled by an attacker who has installed malwares such as computer viru
38、ses, Trojan horse, or bot net, which can be used to perform malicious attacks such as spreading e-mail spams and launching denial-of-service attacks. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: CAPEC Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classifica
39、tion CSRF Cross-Site Request Forgery CWE Common Weakness Enumeration DDoS Distributed Denial of Service DOM Document Object Model HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol ID Identity IODEF Incident Object Description Exchange Format LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol R
40、ec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) 3 MITM Man-in-the-Middle OS Operating System OWASP Open Web Applications Security Project PC Personal Computer PII Personally Identifiable Information PUI Program Under Inspection SNS Social Network Service SQL Structured Query Language SSRF Server-Side Request Forgery S/W
41、 Software URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Uniform Resource Locator XSPA Cross-Site Port Attack XSS Cross-Site Scripting 5 Conventions None. 6 General overview Malware that is used to comprome information assets is defined as software designed specifically to damage or to disrupt a system, attack
42、ing confidentiality, integrity and/or availability. It includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, most rootkits and other malicious programs. A web-based attack is an attack whereby the attackers try to compromise the legitimate websites by exploiting existing vulnerabilities.
43、 This results in malicious code to be injected into the websites, which can in turn be used to infect the computers of users visiting those websites. The malicious code may have multiple forms: it can be a hidden iframe tag directing the user to visit an attack site, or it can be malicious applicati
44、ons written in a computer program language (e.g., script or applets). Typical examples of vulnerabilities of web-based attacks are Structured Query Language (SQL) injection, and cross-site request forgery (CSRF). A cross-site request forgery attack pattern b-CAPEC-62 is a type of web-based attack wh
45、ereby unauthorized commands are transmitted or unwanted actions are requested to be executed on a trusted website without the users knowledge while the user is logged into a trusted website. A Structured Query Language (SQL) injection attack pattern b-CAPEC-66 is another type of web-based attack on
46、a database-driven website in which the attacker adds an SQL code to a web from an input box to gain access to resources or make changes to data. It is used to steal information from a database from which the data would normally not be available and/or to gain access to an organizations host computer
47、s through the computer that is hosting the database. An in-line frame, also known as iframe tag b-iframe, is used to embed an invisible document within the current hypertext markup language (HTML) document and tricking the user to click on the invisible document through clickjacking b-CAPEC-103. Rec
48、ently, web-based attacks have been increasing significantly due to increasing use of end-user computing devices and the increasing number of websites that contain malware. 4 Rec. ITU-T X.1211 (09/2014) Anti-virus techniques could be implemented at the server side and web application firewalls could
49、be implemented at proxies for cost-effective implementation of these techniques. In web-based attacks, the administrators of the websites may not be aware that the websites have been hacked and injected with malicious code, and that these are used to disseminate malicious code. Moreover, users are not aware either that their computers may get infected by malicious code from the sites they have visited. Installing anti-virus software (S/W) can prevent some
