1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 29 (10/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEM
2、ENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT ITU-T L.1700 Low-cost sustainable telecommunication for rural communications in developing countries using cellular radio technologies ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 29 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; C
3、ONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except
4、cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MAR
5、INIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. L series Supplement 29 (10/2016) i Supplement 29 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1700 Low-cost sustainable telecommunication for rural communications in developing countries using c
6、ellular radio technologies Summary Supplement 29 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations identifies a low-cost sustainable telecommunication solution using cellular radio technologies consisting of a base station system and backhaul for potential users of digital services in remote or rural areas. History
7、 Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 29 2016-10-14 5 11.1002/1000/13152 Keywords Cellular radio technologies, digital divide, integrated base stations, low-cost sustainable networks, mobile networks. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.
8、int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii L series Supplement 29 (10/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of tel
9、ecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telec
10、ommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the p
11、rocedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a tele
12、communication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mand
13、atory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws atte
14、ntion to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others o
15、utside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest i
16、nformation and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. L series Supplement 29 (10/2016) iii Tabl
17、e of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 5 Conventions 2 6 General overview 2 7 Infrastructure categories . 2 8 Power backup 4 9 Backhaul . 4 10 Technological advancements 6 11
18、Best practices for low cost sustainable solutions 6 Appendix I Technical characteristics of sustainable cellular radio technology Small size base station system (SS BSS) 7 Appendix II Technical characteristics of sustainable cellular radio technology Backhaul system in unlicensed band 8 Bibliography
19、. 9 iv L series Supplement 29 (10/2016) Introduction Cellular radio technologies offer a lot of convenience in rural areas as once a cellular tower is set up, people can start using the services instantaneously as compared to the time it takes to provision a connection up to the users home for a wir
20、eline solution. Wireline solutions are also labour intensive and costly when providing coverage to rural areas as the area covered is generally large with a low density of users. The cost and possibility of laying a wireline connection also depends to a large extent on the geographical terrain. Wire
21、less solutions on the other hand are not dependant on the terrain, except for the need for radio line-of-sight, are more robust and as they only need the installation of a tower to provide coverage to an area, they offer a rapid system integration time. Cellular radio solutions are also more secure
22、against human interference as the base stations are generally within a secure perimeter whereas the wires in wireline solution can be prone to interference and damage. Another advantage with cellular radio technologies is that they are generally available in most regions and if a way can be found of
23、 extending mobile services to rural and remote regions then they allow seamless connectivity and roaming. Another basic disadvantage of wireline along with difficulties in maintenance, is that the laying of wireline for the first time to rural and remote areas or through difficult terrain is costly
24、and may take a long time. But cellular wireless systems also have capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX) issues when the service is to be provided to rural and remote regions where, because these regions are not densely populated, the increased costs might not be recovered. In
25、such cases, government funding may be available to give financial incentives to operators to set up networks in such areas. Other issues in setting up cellular networks in rural and remote regions are that skilled manpower is generally not available and the power supply might be erratic. To provide
26、services to a remote or rural area, where there might be problems of maintenance and power supply provision, modified base stations are available that can work on renewable sources of energy. These are integrated and easy to maintain. Such a solution is discussed in this Supplement. L series Supplem
27、ent 29 (10/2016) 1 Supplement 29 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1700 Low-cost sustainable telecommunication for rural communications in developing countries using cellular radio technologies 1 Scope This Supplement identifies a low-cost sustainable cellular radio technology solution consi
28、sting of a base station system and backhaul which can be used in rural and remote areas to provide digital services. The cellular radio technology solution discussed here utilises renewable sources of energy, is integrated and can be easily maintained. 2 References ITU-T L.1700 Recommendation ITU-T
29、L.1700 (2016), Requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the foll
30、owing abbreviations and acronyms: AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate BTS Base Transceiver Station CAPEX Capital Expenditure CDMA Code Division Multiple Access DeNB Donor eNB DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum EMF Electromagnetic Field eNB evolved Node B FDD Frequency Division Duplex FHSS Frequency Hopping Sp
31、read Spectrum GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile communications IMT International Mobile Telecommunications ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical (radio band) LTE Long Term Evolution MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 2 L
32、series Supplement 29 (10/2016) OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre OPEX Operating Expenditure RF Radio Frequency RN Relay Node RRH Remote Radio Head SAIC Single Antenna Interference Cancellation SMS Short Messaging Service TDD Time Division Duplex TRX Transceiver Un LTE-A Air interface Uu Modified
33、 LTE-A air interface between RN and DeNB VAMOS Voice services over Adaptive Multi-user channels on One Slot WiFi Wireless Fidelity 5 Conventions None. 6 General overview To promote the setting up of low-cost and sustainable cellular radio technology services in rural and remote regions, the Departme
34、nt of Telecom in India has issued technical specifications for different types of infrastructure required to set up telecom networks in such regions which are differentiated on the basis of number of subscribers, the services to be supported and the coverage. These guidelines are being used by netwo
35、rk equipment vendors to come up with cellular radio technology solutions that are suitable for rural and remote regions. The infrastructure categories are discussed in clause 7. Infrastructure categories include possible combinations of tower height, the number of transceivers (TRXs) and radiation p
36、ower. Infrastructure categories also include the power backup, battery and type of integrated backhaul that will be required. The cellular radio technology in the solution is based on GSM/GPRS b-Tech as this technology has higher penetration into rural and remote regions than International Mobile Te
37、lecommunication: IMT-2000 b-IMT2000 and IMT-Advanced. Separately, best practices are also mentioned that can be used by operators. In Section 8, the power backup options are discussed. In clause 9, use of microwave backhaul in an unlicensed band is discussed. Clause 10 describes various technical fe
38、atures that might be used to improve the cost-effectiveness of the cellular radio technology solution. 7 Infrastructure categories Depending on the geographical terrain, the coverage to be provided and the number of users, the infrastructure required for setting up cellular radio technologies for ru
39、ral communications has been divided into three categories. Each of the categories also includes a condition on the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation limits. These can be changed to reflect national limits. In addition, for each of the infrastructure categories, the radio frequency (RF) and trans
40、mission equipment should be integrated as this brings down the total power requirement. Also, all equipment should preferably be at the top of the tower so that cable losses can be avoided. Categories A, B and C are as follows: L series Supplement 29 (10/2016) 3 Category A: A base transceiver statio
41、n (BTS) mounted on a 20 metre ground based tower with 2-5 Watt power per carrier, 2 omnidirectional transceivers (TRXs) with a coverage radius of up to 1-2 km respectively for a population of 1 000. Typical examples of such areas are secluded habitations in hilly regions and also in desert plains. C
42、ategory B: A BTS mounted on 30 metre ground based tower with up to 10 Watt power per carrier, 2 omnidirectional TRXs and with coverage radius above 2 km and up to 4 km for populations between 1 000-2 500. Typical examples of such areas are the uncovered areas located in plains regions or regions wit
43、h low hills. Category C: A BTS mounted on a 40 metre ground based tower with up to 20 Watt power per carrier, a 2+2+2 configuration (GSM) or equivalent code division multiple access (CDMA), sectoral antenna, with a coverage radius beyond 4 km for a population above 2 500. Typical examples of such ar
44、eas are villages with low populations spread over a relatively large geographical area. The infrastructure requirements of the categories A, B and C are as follows: Category A: BTS to be equipped with up to 2 TRXs for GSM with omnidirectional antenna. The CDMA equivalent is a single carrier BTS with
45、 omnidirectional antennae. Category A may be further classified into category A1 and category A2. Category A1 and category A2 to have a 20 metre ground based tower. Category A1 has a transmit power of 2 Watts and Category A2 has a transmit power of 5 Watts at the antenna port with coverage radius of
46、 1km and 2 km respectively. To operate on non-conventional energy sources, such as solar power. To provide voice communication, short messaging service (SMS) and additionally to support data communication services with data rates of 100 to 128 kbps capability. It must adhere to license conditions in
47、cluding the latest electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation norms of the country. Category B: It may support 2 TRXs with omnidirectional antennas for GSM or CDMA with 1 carrier and omnidirectional antennas. It may be mounted on a tower of up to 30 metres in height and may transmit up to 10 Watts power
48、at the antenna port for a coverage radius above 2 km and rising up to 4 km. It should operate on a non-conventional energy source such as solar power. It shall support voice communication, SMS and shall additionally support data communication rates of 100 to 128 kbps capability. It may use sectoral
49、antennae depending on the location of equipment and the distribution of the population around it. It must adhere to license conditions including the latest EMF radiation norms of the country. Category C: It may support a 2+2+2 configuration (GSM) or the equivalent CDMA configuration of one carrier for three sectors (1C3S). It should have a ground based tower of 40 metres in height and transmit up to 20 Watts power at the antenna port for coverage of distances beyond a rad
