1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 25 (04/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEM
2、ENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT ITU-T L.1502 Best practices for infrastructure adaptation to climate change ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 25 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHE
3、R ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250
4、L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, p
5、lease refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) i Supplement 25 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1502 Best practices for infrastructure adaptation to climate change Summary Supplement 25 to the ITU-T L-series of Recommendation provides general principles a
6、nd illustrates best practices on how information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure can be adapted to cope with the effects of climate change. Examples cited provide countermeasures to climate vulnerabilities identified in the Checklist in Recommendation ITU-T L.1502. These are: tempe
7、rature rise, humidity, wind loading, sea level rise, rainfall, floods, landslides, snow and ice fall, lightning strikes and species damage. Continuity of electric power supply is an important consideration in the event of electric grid failure, or failure of any other primary source of power. Functi
8、ons that before were all in the same local system will have some of their functions possibly located hundreds of kilometres away, in a data centre. Such data centres may belong to services other than telecommunications. This will pose new challenges to primary service availability and continuity in
9、case of occurrence of extreme events such as loss of power. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 25 2016-04-27 5 11.1002/1000/12893 Keywords Climate change adaptation, infrastructure, protection systems, resilience, telecommunications network. * To access
10、 the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the Un
11、ited Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recomme
12、ndations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The ap
13、proval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administrati
14、on“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with
15、 the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of an
16、y party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property
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18、 cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permissio
19、n of ITU. L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 4 Resilience in telecommunications networks . 2 5 Examples of resilience in fixed and mobile telecommunications infrastructure 2 6 Examples of climate change adaptation o
20、ptions and strategies 5 7 Repair of ICT infrastructure for service restoration . 6 8 Examples of disaster relief systems 7 8.1 Early warning systems 7 8.2 Recovery of the emergency network 7 8.3 Backup of electric power supply 7 9 Additional requirements to maintain essential services carried via th
21、e Internet 7 10 Electric power grid outages 8 10.1 Example from Italy: The national blackout 2003 and its consequences for the future . 8 11 Example: Malaysia flood challenges, recovery and mitigation best practices . 9 12 Example of resilient communications infrastructure: Telefnica Vivo sustainabl
22、e mobile site in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) . 10 Appendix I Example of a future hybrid satellite/terrestrial system 13 Bibliography. 16 L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) 1 Supplement 25 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1502 Best practices for infrastructure adaptation to climate change 1 Scope
23、This Supplement provides general principles and examples of best practices which demonstrate information and communication technologies (ICTs) which can enable telecommunications infrastructure to adapt to the effects of climate change. Examples cited provide countermeasures to climate vulnerabiliti
24、es identified in the ITU-T L.1502 Checklist. These are: temperature rise, humidity, wind loading, sea level rise, rainfall, floods, landslides, snow and ice fall, lightning strikes and species damage. Examples of resilient networks are included in this Supplement. Continuity of electric power supply
25、 is an important consideration in the event of electric grid failure or failure of any other primary source of power. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the t
26、ime of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below.
27、A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1502 Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 (2015), Adapting information and communication tech
28、nology infrastructure to the effects of climate change. 3 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: FG-DR 2. Closure of access roads and limited alternative transportation (e.g., boats); 3. Dangerous and safety concern to access the affected sites/
29、areas; 4. Site or equipment badly damaged (fully or partially submerged); 5. Limited diesel supply; 6. Information management and site recovery coordination on the ground as the affected sites were unusually and unexpectedly large; 7. Sites located at isolated and remote areas for recovery activity.
30、 Network recovery started with the setting up of an emergency flood command centre to facilitate close collaboration among network operators, facilities providers, rescue teams, and national organizations. After detailed assessment of the situation, services were slowly restored by deploying mobile
31、base stations and mobile generators to cut-off areas. One of the fastest service recovery methods was to explore the domestic roaming feature which allowed affected operators to bring up service in another operators network. In the long run all of the affected sites were required to be rebuilt to en
32、sure continuity of service. As floods are becoming more of a seasonal event, it is inherent that network infrastructure is designed to be resilient and implemented to mitigate the possibility of flooding. Resilient backhaul is necessary to ensure redundancy and preventing isolation of any part of th
33、e network. Physical platforms for cabins, equipment rack and generators are raised with concrete slabs above the expected flood levels. Sensors, as early warning detection systems, play a major role in the assessment and preparation of 10 L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) current conditions. During t
34、he monsoon season, field forces are kept on standby with enough spares, backup generators and diesel fuel to recover the network. Backup batteries for flood-prone sites are also extended beyond the normal service level. Malaysia is currently exploring sustainable energy sources such as hybrid system
35、s, solar implementation and fuel cell solutions to address the issue of powering isolated sites. Should the service coverage go totally down for an area, mobile base stations should be ready to be deployed upon immediate notice. The biggest learning point is coordination between stakeholders and hol
36、ds the key to ensuring correct propagation of information and sharing of recovery load to hasten the speed of recovery. 12 Example of resilient communications infrastructure: Telefnica Vivo sustainable mobile site in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) In an extremely competitive market such as the telecommunic
37、ations sector, companies that provide these services work hard to maintain and assure its customers quality service without disruption. To do this, the communications infrastructure must be robust and resilient to all types of incidents. The effects of climate change such as flooding or high tempera
38、tures present a high risk to the reliable functioning of the communication infrastructure and thus for the provision of critical services. Faced with this reality, ICT companies such as Telefnica, are starting to take these risks into account by designing new resilient telecommunications infrastruct
39、ure to cope with climate impacts. The sharing of these designs is key to the entire ICT sector adapting to climate change. Due to the growth of traffic and deployment of 4G technology for mobile telephony, which occurred primarily in the host cities of the FIFA Confederations Cup that took place in
40、Brazil in 2014, a significant increase in the number of base stations in these cities was needed. Brazil, and in specific the coastal regions, has elevated temperatures during the summer, and most sites require energy consuming climate-control equipment. The solution used by Telefnica Vivo (the mobi
41、le and fixed operator of Telefnica in Brazil) has been the use of public lighting poles to meet the demand of base stations without introducing new elements to the above-ground infrastructure. See Figure 4. Some equipment was located underground to avoid heat exposure to the equipment. The solution
42、below is an example of communications infrastructure which is adapted to the effects of climate change while reducing the visual impact of the antennas. The solution for urban areas uses existing infrastructure and is a great alternative to building new structures in restricted areas, reducing the v
43、isual impact and facilitating additional network infrastructure deployment. L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) 11 Figure 4 Use of public lighting poles to include base stations Key features are: Using public lighting infrastructure in standard public areas; Accommodation of equipment in the boxes unde
44、rground. The lamp post used is manufactured by an approved supplier for Rio Light and required a small adjustment in its interior to create ducts where air circulates and is responsible for cooling of the equipment inside the enclosure. Equipment is placed inside of a box that is installed undergrou
45、nd allowing the integrity of the equipment. The box is hermetically closed so it is resilient to flooding and high temperatures. See Figure 5. 12 L series Supplement 25 (04/2016) Figure 5 Underground equipment enclosures The project was developed by the team of Telefnica Vivo in partnership with a l
46、ocal company specializing in technology “FIBERGLASS“ (fibre reinforced plastic glass) and appropriate to the climate conditions of Brazil. Figure 6 shows the evolution of the base station infrastructure. 2011 2012 +2013 Figure 6 Evolution of the base station infrastructure L series Supplement 25 (04
47、/2016) 13 Appendix I Example of a future hybrid satellite/terrestrial system This appendix refers to a possible future system and does not form an integral part of this Supplement. The prototype technology was produced in the research project BATS (Broadband Access via integrated Terrestrial They ca
48、n be deployed rapidly, especially if using satellites already in orbit; They are easy to set up and can be reconfigured flexibly, especially using multi-spot beam satellites; They are relatively low cost for a rural coverage area, and may have lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to terrestrial s
49、ystems. Because satellite-based systems can be set up and configured rapidly, they are particularly suited to respond to disaster situations. This is the topic of an existing Handbook, “Emergency and Disaster relief“ b-ITU-T Handbook which includes, for example, portable satellite terminals as an integral part of the document. Examples of communications satellite systems include: Geostationary satellite systems: These have a relatively high latency (round trip delay) and cannot be used where short servic
