1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T D.52 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (10/2016) SERIES D: TARIFF AND ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION/ICT ECONOMIC AND POLICY ISSUES General tariff principles Principles applicable to
2、 GII-Internet Establishing and connecting regional Internet exchange points to reduce costs of international Internet connectivity Recommendation ITU-T D.52 ITU-T D-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TARIFF AND ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION/ICT ECONOMIC AND POLICY ISSUES TERMS AND DE
3、FINITIONS D.0 GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES Private leased telecommunication facilities D.1D.9 Tariff principles applying to data communication services over dedicated public data networks D.10D.39 Charging and accounting in the international public telegram service D.40D.44 Charging and accounting in t
4、he international telemessage service D.45D.49 Principles applicable to GII-Internet D.50D.59 Charging and accounting in the international telex service D.60D.69 Charging and accounting in the international facsimile service D.70D.75 Charging and accounting in the international videotex service D.76D
5、.79 Charging and accounting in the international phototelegraph service D.80D.89 Charging and accounting in the mobile services D.90D.99 Charging and accounting in the international telephone service D.100D.159 Drawing up and exchange of international telephone and telex accounts D.160D.179 Internat
6、ional sound- and television-programme transmissions D.180D.184 Charging and accounting for international satellite services D.185D.189 Transmission of monthly international accounting information D.190D.191 Service and privilege telecommunications D.192D.195 Settlement of international telecommunica
7、tion balances of accounts D.196D.209 Charging and accounting principles for international telecommunication services provided over the ISDN D.210D.260 Economic and policy factors relevant to the efficient provision of international telecommunication services D.261D.269 Charging and accounting princi
8、ples for next generation networks (NGN) D.270D.279 Charging and accounting principles for universal personal telecommunication D.280D.284 Charging and accounting principles for intelligent network supported services D.285D.299 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGIONAL APPLICATION Recommendations applicable in Eu
9、rope and the Mediterranean Basin D.300D.399 Recommendations applicable in Latin America D.400D.499 Recommendations applicable in Asia and Oceania D.500D.599 Recommendations applicable to the African Region D.600D.699 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T
10、D.52 (10/2016) i Recommendation ITU-T D.52 Establishing and connecting regional Internet exchange points to reduce costs of international Internet connectivity Summary Recommendation ITU-T D.52 guides regional collaboration to establish central hubs or Internet exchange points (IXPs) that enable loc
11、al Internet traffic to be routed locally, saving international bandwidth and reducing the costs of international Internet connectivity. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T D.52 2016-10-25 3 11.1002/1000/12826 Keywords Connectivity, cost, IIC, internet, internet e
12、xchange points, IXP, local, regional. _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) FOREWORD The Internati
13、onal Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operat
14、ing and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, pro
15、duce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In th
16、is Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., i
17、nteroperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not sugges
18、t that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidenc
19、e, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may
20、be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be r
21、eproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 5 Principles fo
22、r lowering international Internet costs 2 5.1 Measures to foster the development of national and regional Internet exchange points (IXPs) . 2 5.2 Interconnecting national and regional IXPs . 2 Bibliography. 3 iv Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) Introduction With the increased use of the Internet as a prima
23、ry means of communication, improved Internet services, including lower international Internet rates, improved quality of service and increased network access, have become key policy priorities for the ITU Member States and Sector Members. Member States, regulators and consumers in developing countri
24、es continue to express concern about the high level of charges incurred when accessing the Internet internationally, because international backbone providers as Tier 1 and Internet transit providers as Tier 2 have resisted any changes in the content of b-ITU-T D.50. Internet service providers (ISPs)
25、 and mobile network operators (MNOs) of developing countries pay the full cost of international Internet links and ports (about 80% of the cost of the national market of developing countries) to access international Internet links for their networks. Therefore, in the current situation of the intern
26、ational Internet market, there is a need to find solutions such as an action plan for establishing IXPs in many regions of the world. Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) 1 Recommendation ITU-T D.52 Establishing and connecting regional Internet exchange points to reduce costs of international Internet connecti
27、vity1 1 Scope This Recommendation proposes measures to empower administrations and consumers to benefit from efficient cooperation so that they have the required information to take appropriate regulatory actions; to identify measures for improving the way the market works; and proposals for regulat
28、ory actions, which may include measures to lower costs. 2 References None. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following term: 3.2.1 Internet exchange point (IXP): Internet exchange point (IXP) is a single physical
29、network infrastructure operated by a single entity with the purpose to facilitate the exchange of Internet traffic. It acts as a centralized hub enabling local traffic to be routed locally and save international bandwidth which has the effect to reduce the overall costs of international Internet con
30、nectivity. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: IIC International Internet Connectivity ISP Internet Service Provider IXP Internet Exchange Point MNO Mobile Network Operator NRA National Regulatory Authority _ 1 In accordance with Clause 9.5
31、.4 of WTSA Resolution 1, it was requested that the following reservations be appended to this Recommendation: The following country has expressed a reservation with respect to this Recommendation: Australia The following countries have expressed a reservation and will not apply this Recommendation:
32、Canada and United States of America This Recommendation is not applicable to the United Kingdom 2 Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) 5 Principles for lowering international Internet costs 5.1 Measures to foster the development of national and regional Internet exchange points (IXPs) Member States and nationa
33、l regulatory authorities (NRAs) should encourage the promotion and expansion of networks on national, sub-regional and regional levels, through efforts such as: 5.1.1 Developing effective ways to provide detailed and more transparent information to Internet service providers (ISPs) on existing IXPs
34、at national and regional levels. 5.1.2 Fostering enabling environments through the development of policy and regulatory frameworks which raise awareness among ISPs on these issues, greater competition, lower barriers to entry, coordination and monitoring, multi-stakeholder consultations, sharing of
35、knowledge and best practices. 5.1.3 Defining a role for ISPs and mobile network operators (MNOs) in the development of national and sub-regional infrastructure projects. 5.1.4 Encouraging the creation of public private partnerships and consultative committees in order to raise the importance of the
36、regional development agenda and create strategic synergies between public and private sectors, and identify other sources of funding. 5.2 Interconnecting national and regional IXPs Member states and NRAs should take an active role in establishing IXPs as set out in clause 5.1 above. Once they are es
37、tablished, they should focus on maintaining and building on the connectivity they offer and the impact they can have on reducing the costs of (IIC) more generally. In this context, Member States should: 5.2.1 Leverage common national and regional interests for the development of IXPs such as a membe
38、rship to a regional organization, development of trade, access to regional and global markets, and investment opportunities. 5.2.2 Establish relevant national and regional IXP committees to exchange key information such as levels of cooperation between carriers or resellers, traffic volumes exchange
39、d at IXPs, best practices and strategies to maximize rapid and effective interconnection. 5.2.3 Encourage regional IXPs to monitor their efficiency and impact, and take remedial measures, when required, in order to achieve the objective of affordable international Internet connectivity by routing th
40、e traffic locally. Rec. ITU-T D.52 (10/2016) 3 Bibliography b-ITU-T D.50 Recommendation ITU-T D.50 (2011), International Internet connection. Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2017 SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS Series A Organization of the work of ITU-T Series D Tariff and accounting principles and i
41、nternational telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors Series F Non-telephone telecommunication services Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks Series H Audiovisual and mu
42、ltimedia systems Series I Integrated services digital network Series J Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals Series K Protection against interference Series L Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, install
43、ation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant Series M Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance Series N Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits Series O Specifications of measuring equipment Series P Telephone t
44、ransmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks Series Q Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests Series R Telegraph transmission Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment Series T Terminals for telematic services Series U Telegraph switching Series V Da
45、ta communication over the telephone network Series X Data networks, open system communications and security Series Y Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities Series Z Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems
