1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.2066-0 (12/2014) Protection of the radio astronomy service in the frequency band 10.6-10.7 GHz from unwanted emissions of synthetic aperture radars operating in the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) around 9 600 MHz RS Series Remote sensing systems ii Rec. ITU-R R
2、S.2066-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of whic
3、h Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is descr
4、ibed in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation
5、 of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for
6、 television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology S
7、F Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure d
8、etailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.2066-0 Protection of the radio astronomy service
9、in the frequency band 10.6-10.7 GHz from unwanted emissions of synthetic aperture radars operating in the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) around 9 600 MHz (2014) Scope This Recommendation provides an operational procedure to avoid main-beam to main-beam coupling between Earth exploratio
10、n-satellite service (EESS) (active) SAR-4 systems when transmitting near 9 600 MHz and radio astronomy service (RAS) stations performing observations in the band 10.6-10.7 GHz in order to avoid damage to the sensitive RAS low noise amplifier. Keywords EESS (active), RAS, mitigation Abbreviations/Glo
11、ssary SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar Related ITU Recommendations/Reports Recommendation ITU-R RS.2043 Characteristics of synthetic aperture radars operating in the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) around 9 600 MHz Report ITU-R RA.2188 Power flux-density and e.i.r.p. levels potentially dama
12、ging to radio astronomy receivers Report ITU-R RS.2274 Spectrum requirements for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar applications planned in an extended allocation to the Earth exploration-satellite service around 9 600 MHz Report ITU-R RS.2308 Radio frequency compatibility of unwanted emissions fro
13、m 9 GHz EESS synthetic aperture radars with the Earth exploration-satellite service (passive), space research service (passive), space research service and radio astronomy service operating in the frequency bands 8 400-8 500 MHz and 10.6-10.7 GHz, respectively The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, co
14、nsidering a) that the frequency band 9 300-9 800 MHz is allocated to EESS (active) on a primary basis; b) that the frequency band 9 800-9 900 MHz is allocated to EESS (active) on a secondary basis; c) that the frequency band 10.6-10.7 GHz is allocated to the RAS on a primary basis; d) that EESS (act
15、ive) systems operating active radars around 9 600 MHz use high power chirp emissions in the space-to-Earth direction; e) that radio astronomy stations operating in the frequency band 10.6-10.7 GHz use extremely sensitive low noise amplifiers; 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 f) that Report ITU-R RA.2188 provi
16、des the power flux-density and e.i.r.p. levels potentially damaging RAS low noise amplifiers/ front-ends; g) that the level of interference received by RAS stations from the emissions of EESS (active) systems may, under rare conditions of mainbeam to main beam coupling, reach or exceed the critical
17、levels as given by Report ITU-R RA.2188, recommends 1 that, in order to ensure compatibility of EESS SAR with RAS stations, EESS SAR systems operating around 9 600 MHz should avoid, to the maximum possible extent, to illuminate an area around radio astronomy stations. The size of such an area is def
18、ined in Annex 1. Annex 2 provides the list of RAS stations capable to operate in the frequency band 10.6-10.7 GHz and which may perform observations during times of illumination; 2 that, in the event that the conditions referred to in recommends 1 are not met, the operator of the EESS SAR system sho
19、uld contact the operator of the concerned radio astronomy station at least seven calendar days before an event for EESS SAR routine operations and at least 24 hours for EESS SAR acquisition of images in cases of emergency only such as disaster management in order to coordinate and, if necessary, to
20、agree on mitigation or other preventive measures. Annex 1 Determination of the protection area surrounding RAS stations The emission beam contour corresponding to the margin determined by applying Recommendation ITU-R RA.2188 defines the damage zone for a potential boresight-to-boresight coupling of
21、 both antenna beams. Such a contour has the shape of an ellipse with a major axis h in the horizontal and the minor axis v in the vertical beam direction, thus defining an area where the power level at the RAS station would exceed 18 dBW. The projection onto the Earths surface provides the dimension
22、 of an area of size with an extension of h in the horizontal direction and v in the vertical direction around the radio astronomy station which should be protected. Table 1 provides the parameter range for the avoidance of accidental damage to an RAS receiver1 with an antenna diameter of 100 m with
23、regard to SAR-4 as described in Recommendation ITU-R RS.2043. TABLE 1 Parameters for the avoidance of accidental damage to RA receivers Incident angle Horizontal offset angle h Vertical offset angle v Horizontal separation (km) h Vertical separation (km) v 20 1.02 1.8 9.6 18.2 55 0.5 1.1 7.4 28.1 1
24、In the vertical direction, there is an asymmetry of 5.6% for v and v between inner and outer off-set angles and distances which has been neglected. Only the larger outer value has been listed. The ground projections of the margin contours which are distorted ellipses were approximated by rectangles.
25、 Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 3 Figure 1 provides the size of the area around the RAS station to be protected, depending on the RAS antenna diameter and the incidence angle. It can be seen that there is no constraint for RAS stations having an antenna diameter less than 17 m, and that the maximum separation
26、 distance from the RAS station is 28 km for most RAS stations. FIGURE 1 Size of the area around RAS stations to be protected assuming EESS SAR-4 characteristics More generally, for a given incident angle i, the distance between the SAR satellite and the acquisition area is given by: = (r + )2 r2 sin
27、() r cos() where: r: Earth radius (km) i: incidence angle () h: SAR altitude (km). The corresponding angle between the nadir and the acquisition area in the vertical plane is given by: = asin(rsin()r+ ) where: r: Earth radius (km) i: incidence angle () h: SAR altitude (km). The maximum gain of the R
28、AS antenna can be derived from the antenna diameter and the frequency using the following equation: = 8.9 + 20log() where: D: RAS antenna diameter (m) f: frequency (GHz). 4 Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 From these values, the SAR antenna gain limit that allows the received power limit of 18 dBW to be met is
29、given by: = + where: Prlimit: received power not to be exceeded (18 dBW below 20 GHz) Lp: free space loss (dB) Gr: RAS maximum antenna gain (dBi) Pe: SAR peak power (dBW). Using the horizontal and vertical SAR antenna patterns, it is possible to determine the corresponding offset angles h and v. Fro
30、m these angles, one can derive the horizontal and vertical separation distances h and v. = r asin(dtan()r ) where: r: Earth radius (km) d: slant range (km) : horizontal offset angle (). The slant range between the satellite and the RAS station that meets the received power limit is given by: + = (r
31、+ )cos( + ) r2 (r + )sin( + ) where: r: Earth radius (km) d: slant range between satellite and acquisition area (km) h: SAR satellite altitude (km) v: angle between nadir and acquisition area in the vertical plane () : vertical offset angle (). And also, one can derive the vertical separation distan
32、ce, v: = r(asin(+)r sin( + ) asin(r sin() where: r: Earth radius (km) d: slant range between satellite and acquisition area (km) d+ : slant range between satellite and RAS station (km) v: angle between nadir and acquisition area in the vertical plane () : vertical offset angle (). Rec. ITU-R RS.2066
33、-0 5 Annex 2 List of radio astronomy stations operating in the band 10.6-10.7 GHz Region 1 Country Name N Latitude E Longitude Antenna size (m) Belgium Humain 50 11 30“ 05 15 27“ 4 Finland Metsahvi 60 13 04“ 24 23 37“ 13.7 Germany Effelsberg 50 31 29“ 06 53 03“ 100 Stockert 50 34 10“ 06 43 19 “ 10 W
34、ettzell 49 08 41“ 12 52 40“ 20, 13.2 Italy Medicina 44 31 14“ 11 38 49“ 32 Noto 36 52 33 14 59 20 32 Sardinia 39o 29 34“ 09o 14 42“ 64 Latvia Ventspils 57o 33 12“ 21o 51 17“ 32 Norway Ny lesund 78o 55 45“ 11o 52 15“ 20 Portugal Flores 38o 31 12“ -31o 07 48“ 13 Santa Maria 36 58 12“ -25 10 12“ 13 Rus
35、sia Badari 51o 45 27“ 102o 13 16“ 32 Kaliazyn 57 13 29“ 37 54 01“ 64 Pushchino 54 49 20“ 37 37 53“ 22 Svetloe 61o 05 00“ 29o 46 54“ 32 Zelenchukskaya 43 49 34“ 41 35 12“ 32 South Africa Hartebeesthoek 25 52 48“ 27 40 48“ 64 MeerKAT 30 43 16“ 21 24 40“ 64 antennas of 13.5 Spain Robledo 40 25 38“ 04 1
36、4 57“ 70.34 Tenerife 28 30 00“ -16 30 00“ 12 Yebes 40 31 27“ 03 05 22“ 40 Sweden Onsala 57o 23 45“ 11o 55 35“ 20 Onsala 57o 23 35“ 11o 55 04“ 2 antennas of 12 Switzerland Bleien 47o 20 26“ 08o 06 44“ 5 Turkey Kayseri 38o 59 45“ 36o 17 58“ 5 UK Merlin Cambridge (mean) 52 10 01“ 00 03 08“ 32 Merlin Kn
37、ockin 52 47 25“ 02 59 50“ 25 Merlin Darnhall 53 09 23“ 02 32 09“ 25 Merlin Jodrell Bank (mean) 53 14 07“ 02 18 23“ 64 Merlin Pickmere 53 17 19“ 02 26 44“ 25 6 Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 List of radio astronomy stations operating in the band 10.6-10.7 GHz Region 2 Country Name N Latitude E Longitude Antenn
38、a size (m) Brasil Itapetinga 23 11 05“ 46 33 28“ 14 Canada Algonquin Radio Obsy 45 57 19“ 78 04 23“ 3.7 and 9.1 USA Arecibo 18 20 39“ 66 45 10“ 305 GGAO Greenbelt 39 06 00“ 76 29 24“ 12 Green Bank Telescope 38 25 59“ 79 50 23“ 100 Haystack 42 36 36“ 71 28 12“ 18 Kokee Park 22 07 34“ 159 39 54“ 20 Ja
39、nsky VLA 33 58 22“ to 34 14 56“ 107 24 40“ to 107 48 22“ 27 antennas of 25 VLBA Brewster, WA 48 07 52“ 119 41 00“ 25 VLBA Fort Davis, TX 30 38 06“ 103 56 41“ 25 VLBA Hancock, NH 42 56 01“ 71 59 12“ 25 VLBA Kitt Peak, AZ 31 57 23“ 111 36 45“ 25 VLBA Los Alamos, NM 35 46 30“ 106 14 44“ 25 VLBA Mauna K
40、ea, HI 19 48 05“ 155 27 20“ 25 VLBA North Liberty, IA 41 46 17“ 91 34 27“ 25 VLBA Owens Valley, CA 37 13 54“ 118 16 37“ 40 VLBA Pie Town, NM 34 18 04“ 108 07 09“ 25 VLBA St. Croix, VI 17 45 24“ 64 35 01“ 25 Allen Telescope Array 40 10 44“ 119 31 53“ 42 antennas of 6 Goldstone 35 25 33“ 116 53 22“ 70
41、.3 Rec. ITU-R RS.2066-0 7 List of radio astronomy stations operating in the band 10.6-10.7 GHz Region 3 Country Name N Latitude E Longitude Antenna size (m) Australia Parkes 33 00 00“ 148 15 44“ 64 Katherine 14 22 32“ 132 09 09“ 12 Mopra 31 16 04“ 149 05 58“ 22 ATCA (Narrabri) 30 59 52“ 149 32 56“ 6
42、 antennas of 22 Tidbinbilla 35 24 18“ 148 58 59“ 70, 34 Hobart (Mt. Pleasant) 42 48 18“ 147 26 21“ 26 Ceduna 31 52 05“ 133 48 37“ 30 Yarragadee 29 02 47“ 115 20 48“ 12 China Miyun 40 33 29“ 116 58 37“ 50 Sheshan 31 05 58“ 121 11 59“ 25 Nanshan 43 28 16“ 87 10 40“ 25 Tianma 31 05 13“ 121 09 48“ 65 CS
43、RH 42 12 31“ 115 14 45“ 60 antennas of 2 QTT 43 36 04“ 89 40 57“ 110 Japan Nobeyama 35 56 40“ 138 28 21“ 45 VERA-Mizusawa 39 08 01“ 141 07 57“ 20, 10 VERA-Iriki 31 44 52“ 130 26 24“ 20 VERA-Ogasawara 27 05 31“ 142 13 00“ 20 VERA-Ishigakijima 24 24 44“ 124 10 16“ 20 Ishioka 36 12 31“ 140 13 36“ 13.2
44、Kashima 35 57 21“ 140 39 36“ 34 Usuda 36 07 57“ 138 21 46“ 64 Nishi-Waseda 35 42 25“ 139 43 20“ 2.4 antennas of 64 Tomakomai 42 40 25“ 141 35 48“ 11 Gifu 35 28 03“ 136 44 14“ 11 Yamaguchi 34 12 58“ 131 33 26“ 32 Tsukuba 36 06 11“ 140 05 19“ 32 Korea KSWC (Jeju) 33 42 36“ 126 29 26“ 3 SGOC (Sejong) 36 31 12“ 127 18 00“ 22 K-SRBL 36 24 00“ 127 22 12“ 2 antennas of 2 KVN-Yonsei 37 33 55“ 126 56 27“ 21 KVN-Ulsan 35 32 33“ 129 15 04“ 21 KVN-Tamna 33 17 21“ 126 27 37“ 21 New Zealand Warkworth 36 25 59“ 174 39 52“ 30, 12
