1、 Report ITU-R SM.2154(09/2009)Short-range radiocommunication devices spectrum occupancy measurement techniquesSM SeriesSpectrum managementRep. ITU-R SM.2154 ii Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency
2、 spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunic
3、ation Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent s
4、tatements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also avail
5、able online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite
6、services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English
7、 by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2009 ITU 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2154 Short-range r
8、adiocommunication devices spectrum occupancy measurement techniques (2009) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Why SRD monitoring? . 2 1.2 How does the monitoring of SRDs differ from normal monitoring? . 2 1.3 Relation between SRD monitoring and other monitoring operations 2 2 Technical desc
9、ription of the main issues to consider when monitoring SRDs 3 2.1 Locations . 3 2.2 Monitoring period and choice of location 3 2.3 Scanning speed and sensitivity of the setup . 4 2.4 Notes about real-time measurements 5 2.5 Are mobile measurements needed? 5 2.6 Detection threshold (how do I program
10、my spectrum analyser or receiver?) 6 2.7 Antenna . 9 2.8 The quality of the receiving system 9 3 Data analysis and presentation . 9 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 1 Introduction Industry request more licence exempt frequency space under the argument that the available frequency bands are not sufficient and so
11、metimes even congested. A balanced opinion from a frequency management point of view can only be obtained when this is based on objective information, including spectrum monitoring information. Also many non ISM bands used by different services are nowadays occupied by short-range radiocommunication
12、 devices (SRDs) sharing these frequencies under no interference no protected basis. This Report does not describe UWB or UWB related measurements. Typical values given in the Report are based on the example of a 863-870 MHz monitoring campaign. For other frequency bands and SRDs in those bands, othe
13、r values may be more appropriate without changing the basic measurement methodology. 1.1 Why SRD monitoring? Since SRDs are entering a market which does not confine the use to a single country also ITU needs to consider developing or adapting SRD monitoring methods. Examples are wireless LANs on boa
14、rd aircraft, SRDs for monitoring the technical condition of parts in airplanes, cell phones with integrated SRDs such as inductive readers and micro FM transmitters and medical implants asking for global harmonised SRD frequency space. 1.2 How does the monitoring of SRDs differ from normal monitorin
15、g? The monitoring of SRDs has some differences with conventional spectrum monitoring. Not only the occupancy is of interest but also the effectiveness of the politeness protocols needs to be investigated. The latter is something to be obtained by processing the monitoring data. In most cases only oc
16、cupancy information is required since standardisation takes care of the proper implementation of the politeness protocols. Testing against a standard is therefore sufficient in many cases. 1.3 Relation between SRD monitoring and other monitoring operations Monitoring organisations may carry out nois
17、e monitoring, SRD monitoring and traditional monitoring. All of these methods have their specific features but are specially in the case of SRD monitoring closely related. Monitoring task Expected result Geography Method Noise 30 MHz Noise effects of UWB, cumulative SRD emissions, spurious radiation
18、 of both SRD and non SRD applications (services) Local at a large number of different types of sites According Recommendation ITU-R SM.1753 SRD monitoring Occupancy of allocated/shared SRD bands Local at a large number of different types of hotspots. For each specific frequency band multiple measure
19、ment points for each hotspot According the guidelines in this Report Traditional monitoring Occupancy/coverage of frequencies and frequency bands allocated to services Spurious and other unwanted effects and technical properties of individual systems/transmitters Also suitable for relative stationar
20、y SRD systems like RFID interrogators Fixed Mobile On route Fixed (remote) monitoring/ measurements Mobile monitoring/ measurements Signal analysis On route monitoring/ measurements Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 3 2 Technical description of the main issues to consider when monitoring SRDs SRDs are in most case
21、s, but not always, low power transmitters for indoor use with a low duty cycle and a low probability of intercept with common monitoring setups. Based on experiences it is therefore suggested not to use fixed or remote controlled fixed monitoring stations since they are almost always too far from th
22、e so called “hot spots” of SRDs. A mobile or semi mobile setup at the locations where the interception of these devices is most likely is recommended. Common definitions of locations and their descriptions such as rural, semi rural, industrial etc are not suitable in this case. 2.1 Locations Locatio
23、ns could be based on the devices expected in the frequency bands as found in applicable frequency plans. The following list is an example and is not exhaustive. It needs to be modified depending on the national situation. Type SRD hotspot or warm area location RFID Distribution centres, shopping mal
24、ls, airports Social alarms Hospitals, homes for elderly people Alarms Industrial areas with offices Metering & monitoring (E.g. remote controlled traffic lights and parking lots) in city centres Non specific SRDs Densely populated areas Radio microphones Theatres, football stadiums Wireless audio De
25、nsely populated areas Medical implants Anywhere but dominant in hospitals and medical centres UHF RFIDs are used as an example for the following considerations. The scope, however, can be extended to monitoring of other SRDs. 2.2 Monitoring period and choice of location A monitoring campaign should
26、include time periods based on the expected frequency use, for example one 24 h period on a working day and a 24 h period on a weekend day for RFIDs. Monitoring results could vary within a locations area so moving the setup each hour, or another time period, is necessary to give reliable results. For
27、 example at an airport most luggage handling is done underground so measuring at the terminal gives different results than in the cellar. A few different locations in a city centre could give different results due to shielding of buildings so moving the setup periodically is an advantage. The result
28、s of a typical locations area should be combined. Synchronisation of the mutual monitoring periods between administrations if a coordinated monitoring campaign is performed is not necessary since there is no schedule or day to day synchronisation between the use in different nations. During the deve
29、lopment of methods and guidelines it seemed to be an advantage to harmonise some terminology. Note that these defined terms are only related to SRD monitoring and valid for this report. The locations with activity are for example called hot spots and warm areas, not to be confused with WIFI hotspots
30、. Warm area: A large area with distributed activity like a car parking place. Hotspot: A confined area with activity. A hotspot can be situated within a warm area. Monitoring location: A location with one or more hotspots and/or warm areas. 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 Monitoring position: A position within
31、 a warm area or hotspot from which the results will be combined to one measurement result. Coverage area: Area around a monitoring position from where signals are received. FIGURE 1 Definitions 2.3 Scanning speed and sensitivity of the setup SRDs can have a low duty cycle, 10% or lower is not uncomm
32、on and a power between 25W and 100 mW e.i.r.p. typical. They are also mostly used in areas with shielding of buildings. It is tempting to use the narrowest observation bandwidth available in a monitoring receiver to overcome at least the limitations of the low e.i.r.p spectral power density a SRD pr
33、oduces. Narrow observation bandwidths, however, offer a better receiver sensitivity but also limit the registration speed of the receiver. SRDs are used within buildings with a shielding up to 20-30 dB so the covered area and probability of intercept is inherently low. A suitable balance between sen
34、sitivity and scanning speed should therefore be investigated. A setup comparable with a radio noise measurement system in terms of speed and sensitivity is recommended. Calibration of the setup can be performed using a test transmitter mimicking the power levels and duty cycles. An SRD measurement s
35、ystem with a limited coverage area needs to be moved to different locations to obtain a view of the whole area of interest. The coverage area for the setup can be calculated and in turn this information can be used to determine the number of locations for the setup to be moved. It needs to be noted
36、that a representative occupancy figure cannot be obtained without including the attenuation of the surroundings into the final occupancy calculation. For low power SRDs like RFID tags a cart or trolley can be used and moved trough the location. HOTSPMONITORING WARM AREA MONITORING COVERAGE AREA Rep.
37、 ITU-R SM.2154 5 2.4 Notes about real-time measurements A real-time measurement is a measurement where the time signal in a certain bandwidth is sampled without the loss of any sample. The question is do we need this for SRD monitoring? If we want to determine the behaviour of individual devices or
38、if the transmitting characteristics are unknown the answer is yes but we need to be careful. For occupancy figures of devices with reasonable constant and known transmitting characteristics the answer is no. The devices will transmit at regular intervals so there is a high detection probability. Thi
39、s principle of repetitive sampling works well but for converting the result to a reasonable accurate occupancy figure we need to choose the measurement speed and revisiting time carefully. The quotient (measurement period)/(revisiting time) needs to be tailored to the transmit period of the expected
40、 devices. If a real-time (digital) analyser is used we need as said to be careful because of the following phenomenon. For converting time data to spectrum data a block of samples with a certain time span needs to be taken. Within this block of samples changes can occur that are not presented in the
41、 spectral display. Due to the short transmitting times of the SRDs the occupancy can be overestimated if the time for the block of samples is chosen to high. For this type of analyser the same “rules” as for a sweeping or scanning analyser apply. Here we need to do a similar tailoring as for the swe
42、eping analyser but the formula to be used changes in (measurement period)/(sampling time*window size) which again needs to be based on the transmit period of the expected devices. 2.5 Are mobile measurements needed? In 2.2 we concluded that a fixed setup doesnt give representative results but full m
43、obile measurements do not give the actual occupancy of a low probability of intercept. A mobile setup however can be used to investigate the presence of relatively high power SRDs but also to find hotspots and warm areas. A full mobile investigation in addition to the static measurement at the hotsp
44、ot or warm area is recommended but can be performed with a lower intercept probability than the fixed measurements. Figure 2 is the result of an actual measurement performed on a parking area in the United Kingdom. 6 Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 FIGURE 2 Mobile measurement example 2.6 Detection threshold (how
45、 do I program my spectrum analyser or receiver?) Some typical values for the detection threshold based on a medium end spectrum analyser are given in the following table. The criterion for detection is that a signal is at least 3 dB above the receivers noise floor. Filter bandwidth (kHz) Detection t
46、hreshold for input voltage (dB(V) Revisiting time (ms) 1 0 7 000 3 5 780 10 7 70 30 10 10 100 13 2.5 300 14 First we need to calculate the antenna factor of the intended monitoring antenna and using this information we calculate the detection threshold for field strength. This field strength is base
47、d on the assumption that a signal is matched to or is narrower than the chosen filter bandwidth. The next step is to estimate the wall attenuation for single and multiple walls and add this to the detection threshold for field strength. With this modified detection threshold and knowledge of the SRD
48、s radiated power (e.r.p. or e.i.r.p.) the distance at which the SRD still can be detected can be calculated. Rep. ITU-R SM.2154 7 Figure 3 shows field strengths for SRDs with different typical e.r.p.s taken from typical SRD applications. The detection threshold for the different analyser settings is
49、 plotted so the coverage of the measurement setup can be estimated. FIGURE 3 Field strength vs distance free space 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 450020406080100120140m from sourcedBV/mFIELDSTRENGTH dBV/m (free space, no near field calculation)detection treshold with 3kHz filterdetection treshold with 30kHz filterdetection treshold with 300kHz filterSRD eirp 10WSRD eirp 5mWSRD eirp 25mWSRD eirp 100mWSRD eirp 500mWSRD eirp 1WFigure 4 shows the same result with 20 dB additional (wall) attenuation, the x scale is limited to the first 500 m of Fig. 2. FIGURE 4
