1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.1463-3 (02/2015) Characteristics of and protection criteria for radars operating in the radiodetermination service in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz M Series Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services ii Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 Foreword The role of the
2、 Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. Th
3、e regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy
4、for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for
5、ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting servi
6、ce (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordinat
7、ion between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. El
8、ectronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1463-3* Characteristics of and protection criteria for radars operating in the radio
9、determination service in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz (2000-2007-2013-2015) Scope This Recommendation provides technical and operational characteristics, as well as protection criteria, of operational ground based radars in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz. The Recommendation includes repres
10、entative characteristics on the transmitter, receiver, and antenna components of these radars. Keywords Protection criteria, Airborne radar, Land based radar, Long range radar Abbreviations/Glossary CW Carrier wave ESA Electronically steerable arrays The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering
11、a) that antenna, signal propagation, target detection, and large necessary bandwidth characteristics of radar to achieve their functions are optimum in certain frequency bands; b) that the technical characteristics of radars operating in the radiodetermination service are determined by the mission o
12、f the system and vary widely even within a frequency band; c) that the radionavigation service is a safety service as specified by No. 4.10 of the Radio Regulations (RR) and harmful interference to it cannot be accepted; d) that some Radiocommunication Study Groups are considering the potential for
13、the introduction of new types of systems (e.g. fixed wireless access and high density fixed and mobile systems) or services in frequency bands between 420 MHz and 34 GHz used by radars in the radiodetermination service; e) that representative technical and operational characteristics of systems oper
14、ating in frequency bands allocated to the radiodetermination service are required to determine the feasibility of introducing new types of systems; f) that procedures and methodologies are needed to analyse compatibility between radars operating in the radiodetermination service and systems in other
15、 services; g) that the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a primary basis; h) that the frequency band 1 300-1 350 MHz is allocated on a primary basis to the aeronautical radionavigation service, limited to ground-based radars and associated airborne transpond
16、ers; * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Group 7 and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). 2 Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 i) that the frequency band 1 215-1 300 MHz is additionally allocated on a primary basis to the radionavigation service in
17、many countries; j) that the frequency band 1 215-1 300 MHz is allocated to the radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) on a primary basis; k) that the frequency band 1 215-1 300 MHz is allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite (active) and space research (active) services on a primary
18、basis; l) that the frequency band 1 350-1 400 MHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis, in Region 1, and that the frequency band 1 215-1 300 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis in the countries listed in RR No. 5.330, recommends 1 tha
19、t the technical and operational characteristics of the radiodetermination radars described in the Annex should be considered representative of those operating in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz; 2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 be used as a guideline in analysing compatibility between radars op
20、erating in the radiodetermination service with systems in other services; 3 that in the case of continuous (non-pulsed) single or aggregate interference, an interfering signal power to radar receiver noise power level, I/N, of 6 dB should be used as the required protection level for the radiodetermi
21、nation radars; 4 that in the case of pulsed interference, the criteria should be based on a case-by-case analysis, considering the undesired pulse train characteristics and, to the extent possible, the signal processing in the radar receiver. Annex Technical and operational characteristics of radiod
22、etermination radars operating in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz 1 Introduction The characteristics of radiodetermination radars operating worldwide in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz are presented in Table 1, and described further in the following paragraphs. Those characteristics specificall
23、y for wind profiler radars are found in 4 of this Annex. 2 Technical characteristics The frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz is used by many different types of radars on fixed, mobile (including airborne) and transportable platforms. Radiodetermination functions performed in the frequency band include lo
24、ng range search tracking and surveillance. Radar operating frequencies can be assumed to be uniformly spread throughout the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz. Table 1 contains technical characteristics of representative radiolocation and radionavigation radars deployed in the frequency band 1 215-1 400
25、 MHz. Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 3 Airborne radars found in this band take advantage of the favorable spectrum properties for long range surveillance. Operation at altitude (approx. 10 000 m) enables airborne systems to take advantage of a radio horizon in excess of 300 km. 2.1 Transmitters The radars oper
26、ating in the frequency band 1215-1400 MHz use a variety of modulations including continuous wave (CW) pulses, frequency modulated (chirped) pulses and phase coded pulses. Cross-field, linear beam and solid state output devices are used in the final stages of the transmitters. The trend in new radar
27、systems is toward linear beam and solid state output devices due to the requirement of Doppler signal processing. Also, the radars deploying solid state output devices have lower transmitter peak output power and higher pulsed duty cycles approaching 50% when operating on a single channel (a single
28、channel may consist of three or four discrete frequencies in a 10 MHz bandwidth). There is also a trend towards frequency agile type radar systems which can suppress or reduce interference. The majority of systems require and use more than one frequency to achieve the benefits of frequency diversity
29、 and/or to operate multiple functions simultaneously. Two frequencies are very common and the use of four or more is not unknown. Diversity considerations usually require that frequencies are not on adjacent channels and may require wide separation across the operating frequency band. In frequency h
30、opping and detect and avoid configurations, radars use multiple frequencies across their tuning ranges. Typical transmitter RF emission bandwidths of radars operating in the frequency band 1215-1400 MHz range from 0.5 to 3.0 MHz. Transmitter peak output powers range from 25 kW (73.9 dBm) for solid s
31、tate transmitters to 5 MW (97 dBm) for high power radars using klystrons. 2.2 Receivers The newer generation radar systems use digital signal processing after detection for range, azimuth and Doppler processing. Generally, included in the signal processing are techniques used to enhance the detectio
32、n of desired targets and to produce target symbols on the display. The signal processing techniques used for the enhancement and identification of desired targets also provides some suppression of low-duty cycle interference, less than 5%, that is asynchronous with the desired signal. Also, the sign
33、al processing in the newer generation radars using chirped and phase coded pulses produces a processing gain for the desired signal and may also provide suppression of undesired signals. Some of the newer low-power solid state transmitters use high-duty cycle multiple receiver channel signal process
34、ing to enhance the desired signal returns. These systems tend to have wideband RF front ends capable of receiving all frequencies without RF tuning followed by coherent superheterodyne receivers. Electronically steerable arrays (ESAs) consisting of hundreds of elements with integrated RF chains have
35、 broader RF and IF bandwidths. Modification of these elements to improve filter characteristics is practically not possible. Some radar receivers have the capability to identify RF channels that have low undesired signals and command the transmitter to transmit on those RF channels. 4 Rec. ITU-R M.1
36、463-3 2.3 Antennas A variety of types of antennas are used on radars operating in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz. Newer generation radars using reflector type antennas have multiple horns. Dual horns are used for transmit and receive antennas to improve detection in surface clutter. Also, multip
37、le-horn stack-beam reflector antennas are used for three-dimensional radars. The multiple horn antennas will reduce the level of interference. Distributed phased array antennas are also used on some radars in the frequency band 1215-1400 MHz. The distributed phase array antennas have transmit/receiv
38、e modules mounted on the antenna. Also, radars using phased array antennas generally have lower side-lobe levels than reflector type antennas, and have a narrow scanning beam in elevation, or use the digital beam-forming principles. Use of ESAs is likely to become widespread not only in fixed ground
39、 applications but also in airborne and maritime applications. Since the radars in the frequency range 1 215-1 400 MHz perform search, track, and long range surveillance functions the antennas scan 360 in the horizontal plane. Horizontal, vertical and circular polarizations are used. 2.3.1 Typical ra
40、dar antenna coverage patterns Many 1 215-1 400 MHz frequency band air-traffic control radars have a cosecant squared type of antenna pattern which radiates most of the energy upward from several degrees above the horizon to near about 40. Single static planar ESA panels found in airborne systems are
41、 not capable of providing complete 360 degree coverage as is possible with mechanically rotating antennas. Therefore ESA radar systems often consist of multiple panels. The aperture area of a single panel can be as large as 20 square metres. Because a number of different antennas can be used with th
42、e various radars operating in the frequency band 1 215-1 400 MHz, this Recommendation does not attempt to provide a representative antenna patterns for the systems in Table 1. Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 5 TABLE 1 1 215-1 400 MHz radiodetermination system characteristics Parameter Units System 1 System 2 Sy
43、stem 3 System 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 System 8 System 9 System 10 Peak power into antenna dBm 97 80 76.5 80 73.9 96 93 78.8 82 80-85 Frequency range MHz 1 215-1 390 1 215-1 400 1 280-1 350 1 215-1 350 1 240-1 350 1 215-1 400 1 215-1 400 Pulse duration s 2 88.8; 58.8 (Note 1) 0.4; 102.4; 409.6 (
44、Note 2) 39 single frequency 26 and 13 dual frequency (Note 3) 2 each of 51.2 2 each of 409.6 2 6 115.5; 17.5 (Note 4) 14 0.5 to 100 Pulse repetition rate pps 310-380 staggered 291.5 or 312.5 average 200-272 long-range 400-554 short-range 774 average 240-748 279.88 to 370.2 279.88 to 370.2 319 averag
45、e 7 000 100 to 10 000 Chirp bandwidth for frequency modulated (chirped) pulses MHz Not applicable 0.77 for both pulse widths 2.5 for 102.4 s 0.625 for 409.6 s Not applicable 1.25 Not applicable Not applicable 1.2 2 2 Phase-coded sub-pulse width s Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable 1 Not ap
46、plicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Compression ratio Not applicable 68.3:1 and 45.2:1 256:1 for both pulses 64:1 and 256:1 Not applicable Not applicable 150:1 and 23:1 Up to 200 RF emission bandwidth (3 dB) MHz 0.5 1.09 2.2; 2.3; 0.58 1 0.625 or 1.25
47、1.2 1.3 1.2 3 3 Output device Klystron Transistor Transistor Cross-field amplifier Transistor Magnetron/ Amplitron Klystron Transistor Transistor Transistor Antenna type Horn-fed reflector Stack beam reflector Rotating phased array Parabolic cylinder Planar array with elevation beam steering 47 23 (
48、14.3 7 m) cosecant squared 45 19 (13.7 5.8 m) cosecant squared Horn-fed reflector Phased array Phased array Antenna polarization Horizontal, vertical, LHCP, RHCP Vertical, circular Horizontal Vertical Horizontal CP/LP Linear orthogonal and CP Vertical; RHCP Vertical Vertical 6 Rec. ITU-R M.1463-3 TA
49、BLE 1 (continued) Parameter Units System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 System 8 System 9 System 10 Antenna maximum gain dBi 34.5, transmit 33.5, receive 32.4-34.2, transmit 33.8-40.9, receive 38.9, transmit 38.2, receive 32.5 38.5 34 35 34.5 30 35-40 Antenna elevation beamwidth degrees 3.6 shaped to 44 3.63-5.61, transmit 2.02-8.79, receive 1.3 4.5 shaped to 40 2 3.75 (cosecant squared) 3.75 (cosecant squared) 3.7 shaped to 44 (cosecant squared) 20 (sinc) 3.75 Antenna azimuthal beamwidth degrees 1.2 1.4 3.2 3.0 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 2 2 Antenna hor
