1、Human Engineeringfor Control CentersApproved 30 June 1985ISARP60.31985RECOMMENDED PRACTICEISA The Instrumentation,Systems, andAutomation Society TMCopyright 1985by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in the UnitedStates of America. No part of this publication may be repro
2、duced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709ISARP60.31985, Human Eng
3、ineering for Control CentersISBN 0-87664-897-9ISA-RP60.3-1985 3PrefaceThis preface is included for informational purposes and is not part of ISA-RP60.3-1985.This recommended practice has been prepared as part of the service of ISA toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of
4、 real value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms, and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board, ISA, 67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12277, Research Triangle Pa
5、rk, NC 27709, Telephone (919) 549-8411, e-mail: standardsisa.org.The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of instrumentation standards.
6、The Department is further aware of the benefits to U.S.A. users of ISA standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, the Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable metric un
7、its in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as ANSI/IEEE Std.268-1982, and future revisions will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations, and
8、conversion factors.It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and interests in the development of ISA standards. Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes endorsement by the employer of that individua
9、l, of ISA, or of any of the standards that ISA develops.The information contained in the preface, footnotes, and appendices is included for information only and is not a part of the recommended practice.The SP60 Committee is preparing a series of recommended practices on control centers. ISA-RP60.3
10、is the fourth of this series to be published. The published recommended practices and drafts in preparation are listed below.RECOMMENDED PRACTICESECTION TITLEdRP60.1 Control Center (C.C.) FacilitiesdRP60.2 C.C. Design Guide and TerminologyRP60.3 Human Engineering for Control CentersdRP60.4 Documenta
11、tion for Control CentersdRP60.5* Control Center Graphic DisplaysRP60.6 Nameplates, Labels and Tags for Control CentersdRP60.7* Control Center ConstructionRP60.8 Electrical Guide for Control Centers (published 1978)RP60.9 Piping Guide for Control Centers (published 1981)dRP60.10* Control Center Inspe
12、ction and TestingdRP60.11 Crating, Shipping and Handling for C.C.4 ISA-RP60.3-1985The persons listed below served as active members of the ISA Control Centers Committee, SP60, for the major share of its working period.NAME COMPANYR. W. Borut, Chairman The M. W. Kellogg CompanyA. R. Alworth Consultan
13、tC. D. Armstrong Tennessee Valley AuthorityF. Aured Engineering EnterprisesB. W. Ball *Brown thus, these locations should be avoided.Consideration should be given to techniques or features in the control center which will help minimize fatigue when it is a requirement that the operator must stand mo
14、st of the time. Arm rests or hand rails reduce upper back fatigue, and a foot rest or foot rail aids in easing lower back strain or fatigue.Figure 1 Standing body dimensionsISA-RP60.3-1985 11Table 1 Standing body dimensionsPercentile values in centimeters5th percentile 95th percentileGroundtroops Av
15、iators WomenGroundtroops Aviators WomenWeight (kg) 55.5 60.4 46.4 91.6 96.0 74.5Standing body dimensions1 Stature 162.8 164.2 152.4 185.6 187.7 174.12 Eye height (standing) 151.1 152.1 140.9 173.3 175.2 162.23 Shoulder (acromiale) height 133.6 133.3 123.0 154.2 154.8 143.74 Elbow (radiale) height 10
16、1.0 104.8 94.9 117.8 120.0 110.75 Fingertip (dactylion) height 61.5 73.26 Waist height 96.6 97.6 93.1 115.2 115.1 110.37 Crotch height 76.3 74.7 68.1 91.8 92.0 83.98 Kneecap height 47.5 46.3 43.8 58.6 57.8 52.59 Functional reach 72.6 73.1 64.0 90.9 87.0 80.410 Functional reach, extended 84.2 82.3 73
17、.5 101.2 97.3 92.7Percentile values in inchesWeight (lb) 122.4 133.1 102.3 201.9 211.6 164.3Standing body dimensions1 Stature 64.1 64.6 60.0 73.11 73.9 68.52 Eye height (standing) 59.5 59.9 55.5 68.2 69.0 63.93 Shoulder (acromiale) height 52.6 52.5 48.4 60.7 60.9 56.64 Elbow (radiale) height 39.8 41
18、.3 37.4 46.4 47.2 43.65 Fingertip (dactylion) height 24.2 28.86 Waist height 38.0 38.4 36.6 45.3 45.3 43.47 Crotch height 30.0 29.4 26.8 36.1 36.2 33.08 Kneecap height 18.7 18.4 17.2 23.1 22.8 20.79 Functional reach 28.6 28.8 25.2 35.8 34.3 31.710 Functional reach, extended 33.2 32.4 28.0 39.8 38.3
19、36.512 ISA-RP60.3-1985Figure 2 Seated body dimensionsISA-RP60.3-1985 13Table 2 Seated body dimensionsPercentile values in centimeters5th percentile 95th percentileGroundtroops Aviators WomenGroundtroops Aviators WomenSeated body dimensions14 Vertical arm reach, sitting 128.6 134.0 117.4 147.8 153.2
20、139.415 Sitting height, erect 83.5 85.7 79.0 96.9 98.6 90.916 Sitting height, relaxed 81.5 83.6 77.5 94.8 96.5 89.717 Eye height, sitting erect 72.0 73.6 67.7 84.6 86.1 79.118 Eye height, sitting relaxed 70.0 71.6 66.2 82.5 84.0 77.919 Mid-shoulder height 56.6 58.3 53.7 67.7 69.2 62.520 Shoulder hei
21、ght, sitting 54.2 54.6 49.9 65.4 65.9 60.321 Shoulder-elbow length 33.3 33.2 30.8 40.2 39.7 36.622 Elbow-grip length 31.7 32.6 29.6 38.3 37.9 35.423 Elbow-fingertip length 43.8 44.7 40.0 52.0 51.7 47.524 Elbow rest height 17.5 18.7 16.1 28.0 29.5 26.925 Thigh clearance height 12.4 10.4 18.8 17.526 K
22、nee height, sitting 49.7 48.9 46.9 60.2 59.9 55.527 Popliteal height 39.7 38.4 38.0 50.0 47.7 45.728 Buttock-kneel length 54.9 55.9 53.1 65.8 65.5 63.229 Buttock-popliteal length 45.8 44.9 43.4 54.5 54.6 52.630 Buttock-heel length 46.7 56.431 Functional leg length 110.6 103.9 99.6 127.7 120.4 118.6P
23、ercentile values in inchesSeated body dimensions14 Vertical arm reach, sitting 50.6 52.8 46.2 58.2 60.3 54.915 Sitting height, erect 32.9 33.7 31.1 38.2 38.8 35.816 Sitting height, relaxed 32.1 32.9 30.5 37.3 38.0 35.317 Eye height, sitting erect 28.3 30.0 26.6 33.3 33.9 31.218 Eye height, sitting r
24、elaxed 27.6 28.2 26.1 32.5 33.1 30.719 Mid-shoulder height 22.3 23.0 21.2 26.7 27.3 24.620 Shoulder height, sitting 21.3 21.5 19.6 25.7 25.9 23.721 Shoulder-elbow length 13.1 13.1 12.1 15.8 15.6 14.422 Elbow-grip length 12.5 12.8 11.6 15.1 14.9 14.023 Elbow-fingertip length 17.3 17.6 15.7 20.5 20.4
25、18.724 Elbow rest height 6.9 7.4 6.4 11.0 11.6 10.625 Thigh clearance height 4.9 4.1 7.4 6.926 Knee height, sitting 19.6 19.3 18.5 23.7 23.6 21.827 Popliteal height 15.6 15.1 15.0 19.7 18.8 18.028 Buttock-knee length 21.6 22.0 20.9 25.9 25.8 24.929 Buttock-popliteal length 17.9 17.7 17.1 21.5 21.5 2
26、0.730 Buttock-heel length 18.4 22.231 Functional leg length 43.5 40.9 39.2 50.3 47.4 46.714 ISA-RP60.3-19853 Psychological aspects3.1 General3.1.1 This section deals with how an operator distinguishes, comprehends, and reacts to the information displayed in a control center. Measurement and control
27、systems may contain thousands of devices representing functions or bits of information displayed, each potentially requiring operator actions. Considering the tremendous quantity of information confronting the operator, a high level of mental concentration is demanded.3.1.2 Psychological aspects are
28、 thought processes which are difficult to measure but which must be considered in any control center design. The importance of these aspects increases rapidly with the complexity of the process and the quantity of the control center instrumentation. Psycho-logical aspects also affect the selection a
29、nd arrangement of the display devices.3.1.3 Too often, control centers are designed without considering the principles of human engi-neering design. To the casual observer, the resulting control center may be an impressive display of lights and instruments. To the operator who must live with such a
30、presentation, it can become bewildering. Operator confusion can lead to costly operational mistakes.3.1.4 The operator can be considered a system complete with sensory inputs, data processing capability (including information storage and processing), and responsive outputs. The following sections sh
31、ow how human beings fit this information processing system analogy. This information should help the designer incorporate good human engineering concepts into the control center design.3.2 Information sensing (inputs)3.2.1 Visual inputsVisual inputs provide 80 to 90 percent of the information requir
32、ed to operate a control center. The operator interprets:1) Color, and changes of color;2) Position, and change of position (dials and switch handles);3) Patterns, and changes of pattern, e.g., on cathode ray tube (CRT) displays;4) Digital values;5) Nameplate data.3.2.2 Auditory inputsAuditory input
33、makes up the remaining 10 to 20 percent of the information required to operate a control center. This input reinforces the visual information by adding sounds from attention-getting devices such as horns, sirens, and other audible devices.3.3 Information storageMemory is the information storage unit
34、 which makes it possible to integrate previous experience with present activity. The ability to perform the jobs requirements depends on how well the operator can process the information presented and relate this to previously stored information.ISA-RP60.3-1985 153.4 Information processingThe way in
35、 which the information is presented determines the operators ability to recognize, comprehend, and react to a situation. It is evident that the operator can be overloaded with information, which leads to inefficiency and inaccuracy. The ability to recognize, comprehend, and react correctly to a situ
36、ation is usually determined by the manner and speed with which information is presented. Information theory may be used as a tool to measure the optimum combination of display type and speed to avoid the operators becoming overloaded and confused. For more information, refer to McCormick, Human Fact
37、ors Engineering, Chapter 5 (see Section 5).4 General design4.1 Objective4.1.1 This section will describe specific features and techniques that should be used in the design and layout of a control center, implementing the human engineering factors treated in Sections 2 and 3. Not all of the following
38、 recommendations will apply to every application. The designer should include only those features that are compatible with the overall design requirements of the control center and facility, taking into consideration hardware availability, cost, and delivery time.4.1.2 Information display devices in
39、clude analog indicators, recorders, indicating lights, backlighted nameplates, annunciator windows, digital displays, CRT displays, projection screens, and printers or typers. Control devices include selector switches, pushbutton switches, keyboards, and analog control stations (manual/automatic, ma
40、nual loading, setpoint, and other types).4.1.3 The use of computers to process data and generate displays should be considered where large amounts of data and/or complex operating data must be monitored and controlled. The computer can assist the operator in performing the necessary control function
41、s. A computer can operate display devices such as CRTs, indicating lights, projection screens, digital displays, analog indicators, and printers or typers.4.2 Implementation guidelines4.2.1 Equipment arrangementControl devices should be located on the control center in the same general sequence that
42、 the operator will follow in any of the operations of systems or subsystems, or located in the same relative positions that the actual equipment is located. The same concept may be applied to the location of individual sections of a control center. Consideration should also be given to prominent loc
43、ation of emergency shutdown systems.Those devices which are interrelated or are used to determine the operating condition and status of a system or subsystem may be grouped together.To assist the operator in identifying and locating a particular group of devices, space may be left between adjacent g
44、roups, different colors may be used, or groups may be outlined with tape or painted stripe.Consistent criteria should be used for the relative location of specific status conditions where multiple status display devices are used.16 ISA-RP60.3-1985Mounting the devices within graphic sections on the c
45、ontrol center can result in easier identification by the operator.Use consistent criteria for the location of nameplates in relation to their devices.Layouts for duplicate units should be identical to improve operator proficiency as long as there is proper unit identification. Arrangements utilizing
46、 reverse or mirror images in the design of control centers for duplicate units should be avoided.4.2.2 AccessibilityControl devices should be mounted on sections of the control center that are within the normal reach of the operator when the operator is in normal position, either standing or sitting
47、.Control devices should be mounted on the control center with sufficient clearance, so that the operator can conveniently operate them without interference from other devices or adjacent control center surfaces. Consideration should also be given to:1) Plant conditions that might require gloves2) Th
48、e size or strength of an operators hand3) Hindrances due to safety clothing4) Other operational hindrancesFrequently adjusted controls and often-referenced visual indicators should be located at the most convenient elevation. The height is related to the operators normal position of standing or sitt
49、ing. ISA-dRP60.7, “Control Center Construction,“ shows a typical profile, with an operators average standing or sitting line of elevation. These typical profiles are based on the physical aspects outlined in Section 2.Space should be provided for convenient storage of and access to operating checklists and instructions.4.2.3 Pattern recognitionPattern recognition and symmetry may be used to aid the operator in the detection of abnormal conditions. Mounting several edgewise indicators adjacent to each other is one way to use this technique.The direction of motion of the p
