1、I C . ICA0 CIRCULAR*249 Y* 484141b 0035350 OLT CIRCULAR 249-ANll49 CAO IRCULAR 1994 HUMAN FACTORS DIGEST No. 11 HUMAN FACTORS IN CNS/ATM SYSTEMS The development of human-centred automation and advanced technology in future aviation systems Approved by the Secretary General and published under his au
2、thony INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION MONTREAL CANADA COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling Services ICAO CIRCULARU249 * 9 484141b 0035353 T5b Published in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil Aviati
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9、 2BN. The Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio Visual Training Aids Issued annually, the Catalogue lists all publications and audio visual training aids currently available. Monthly supplements announce new publications and audio visual training aids, amendments, supplements, reprints, etc. Avai
10、lable free from the Document Sales Unit, ICAO COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling Services. ICAO CIRCULAR*249 * 484LYLb 0035352 992 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Glossary . Introduction Historical background . Development of guidance material Chapter 1 . The
11、ICAO CNS/ATM Concept The CNWATM concept The ICAO flight safety and Human Factors programme . Chapter 2 . Automation in Future Aviation Systems CNSIATM system automation The role of the human operator in highly automated systems . Issues and concernt in CNS/ATM systems automation Chapter 3 . Human-ce
12、ntred Technology A concept of human-centred automation Chapter 4 . Principles of Human-centred Automation . Chapter 5 . Qualities of Human-centred Automation . Appendix 1 . ICAO Policy on CNS/ATM Systems Implementation and Operation . Appendix 2 . List of Recommended Reading . 1 1 2 4 4 6 10 10 12 1
13、4 18 18 21 26 33 35 COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesICAO CIRCULARX249 Xt 484141b 0035353 829 M AERA AMSS ANC ADS ASM ATC ATFM ATM ATN ATS CNS CRM FANS CAB GNSS ICA0 GLOSSARY Automatic En-route Air Traffic Control Aeronautical Mobile Satelli
14、te Service Air Navigation Commission (ICAO) Automatic Dependence Surveillance Air Space Management Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Flow Management Air Traffic Management Aeronautical Telecommunication Network Air Traffic Services Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Cockpit Resource Management
15、 Future Air Navigation Systems GNSS Integrity Broadcast Global Navigation Satellite System International Civil Aviation Organization IFR ILS IMC IS0 LOFr MLS NTSB os1 RAIM RNP SARPs SSR TCAS VHF VMC Instrument Flight Rules Instrument Landing System Instrument Meteorological Conditions International
16、Organization for Standardization Line Oriented Flight Training Microwave Landing System National Transport Safety Board (United States) Open Systems Interconnection Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Required Navigation Performance Standards and Recommended Practices and Procedures Secondary,
17、Skuwe- Radar TraffmGWsion Alerting System Vry High Frequency Visual Meteorological Conditions COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesICAO CIRCULAR*249 * 484L4Lb 0035354 765 INTRODUCTION Historical background 1. The Tenth Air Navigation Conference
18、(Montreal, 5-20 September 1991) “recognized the importance of Human Factors in the design and transition of future ATC systems”. It also “noted that automation was considered to offer great potential in reducing human error”. It further recommended that “work conducted by ICAO in the field of Human
19、Factors pursuant to ICAO Assembly Resolution A26-9 include, inter alia, studies related to the use and transition to future CNS/ATM systems”. 2. Following the recommendation of the Conference, the ICAO Air Navigation Commission agreed that its task “Flight Safety and Human Factors” would be revised
20、to include work on Human Factors considerations in future aviation systems with an emphasis on CNS/ATM-related human-machine interface aspects. 3. Based on the decision of the Commission, the Secretariat contacted experts from selected States and international organizations and reviewed recent and o
21、ngoing studies to identify Human Factors issues of relevance to ICAO CNS/ATM systems. The survey identified several areas in which application of Human Factors knowledge and experience would enhance future ICAO CNSIATM systems safety and efficiency: e Automation and advanced technology in future ATS
22、 systems. The application of state-of- the-art technology and automation is fundamental to the ICAO CNS/ATM concept. Experience shows that it is essential to take into account the human element during the design phase so that the resulting system capitalizes upon the relative strengths of humans and
23、 computer-based technology. This approach is referred to as a “human-centred automation. 0 Flight deck/ATS integration. ICAO CNS/ATM systems will provide for a high level of integration between aircraft and the air traffic control system. This will bring new and different challenges. The various com
24、ponents of the system will interact in new ways, and new means of communication between pilots and air traffic controllers will be available. A dedicated systems approach must be adopted to address the issues associated with this integration and to ensure that the system as a whole is “user-friendly
25、”. Human performance in future ATS. The human element is the key to the successful implementation of the ICAO CNS/ATM concept. A broad base of scientific knowledge of human performance in complex systems is available and research continues to provide more. Additional research is still needed regardi
26、ng the influence of organizational and management factors on individual and team performance in ATS. Information transfer in complex systems, the system-wide implications of data-link implementation, automated aids such as conflict prediction and resolution advisory systems, and the allocation of au
27、thority and functions between air and ground in future systems are areas in which guidance is necessary. 0 Training, selection and licencing of controllers. Acquiring technical skills alone will not guarantee on-the-job performance with high reliability and efficiency. Resource management training p
28、rogrammes specially tailored to ATS requirements are under development. Although COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesICAO CIRCULAR*249 *t m 484141b 0035355 bTL m 2 ICAO Circular 249-AN/149 some early attempts to address Human Factors training f
29、or controllers are in place, it is evident that much is lacking and more action in this regard is still desirable. Selection criteria which go beyond consideration of the candidates technical aptitude and include social and personal characteristics associated with team petformance are also important
30、 issues which are at the development stage. Licensing requirements which reflect these new training objectives would provide the framework to achieve them. e Safety monitoring of ATS activities. Existing tools for monitoring safety may not be sufficient in view of the increased complexity and interd
31、ependence of the ICAO CNS/ATM activities. Guidance is needed on how ATS activities can be monitored to provide the information required for identifying and resolving safety issues. Development of guidance material 4. This digest attempts to address the first of these issues utilizing experience gain
32、ed from Human Factors knowledge. It presents the Human Factors implications of automation and advanced technology in future aviation systems, including CNS/ATM systems. It also intends to provide the civil aviation authorities with tools for establishing the requirements for the new systems and for
33、reviewing proposals from manufacturers, from the perspective of Human Factors. The digest will also be useful for the ICAO panels and study groups working on the ICAO CNS/ATM concept to ensure that Human factors principles are adequately considered during the development of automation and advanced t
34、echnology in future systems. This digest will be followed by other digests addressing the remaining areas of CNS/ATM Human Factors concerns as enumerated above, as well as others which may emerge. 5. The discussion related to the recommendation of the Tenth Air Navigation Conference notes the potent
35、ial of automation for reducing human error. There is, however, a concern among researchers, designers and users, that the indiscriminate application of automation may also create a whole new set of human errors. Experience gained in the operation of complex automated systems in civil aviation and el
36、sewhere indicates that in order to be effective, automation must meet the needs and limitations of users and purchasers (.e. civil aviation authorities). The digest aims at informing designers about the expected role of automation; assisting administrations in the evaluation of the equipment during
37、the procurement process; and explaining to users what to expect from the tools which they will be given to achieve their tasks. 6. Experience gained with programmes developed outside civil aviation to meet the demands presented by complex systems (most notably in the nuclear power generation and che
38、mical processing and weapons systems industries, all of which have characteristics in common with advanced aviation systems in terms of complexity and integration) is applied throughout the digest as necessary. These programmes were developed following the failure of projects which produced technica
39、lly viable systems but which could not be maintained or operated effectively in the field; they ensure that high-technology systems take into account the relevant Human Factors aspects throughout the development cycle, along with the more traditional technical specifications. This is achieved by foc
40、using attention on the operators performance and reliability as part of the total system performance. 7. The ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors programme activities already include issues related to air traffic control. Human Factors Digest No. 8 - Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (Circ 241) h
41、as recently been published and Human Factors issues related to CNWATM automation have been discussed at Flight Safety and Human Factors regional seminars. The Human Factors digests published by ICAO will help the reader to acquire better understanding of the generic Human Factors issues applicable t
42、hroughout the aviation industry and the particular issues advocated by this document. COPYRIGHT International Civil Aviation OrganizationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesICAO CIRCULARfZq ft m qqL41b 003535b 538 m ICA0 Circular 249-AN/149 3 a. This digest includes the following: Chapter 1 int
43、roduces the historical background of the ICAO CNWATM system, discusses the concept and introduces the reader to the ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors Programme. o Chapter 2 presents the role of automation in future aviation systems. It also discusses the role of the human operator in such a syste
44、m. It is essential that system designers take the human element into account during the preliminary stages of system design. The chapter also discusses issues and concerns in CNS/ATM system automation. o Chapter 3 introduces the concept of human-centred automation, that is automation designed to wor
45、k with human operators in pursuit of the stated objectives. Human-centred automation does not only enhance safety but also reduces training and operation costs by allowing efficient, effective and safe operation. O Chapter 4 introduces the principles of human-centred automation based on the premise
46、that a human (pilot, controller, etc.) bears the ultimate responsibility for the safety of flight opera tion. o Chapter 5 introduces qualities human-centred automation should possess if it is to remain an effective and valued element of the aviation system. As automation becomes more complex, it wil
47、l be increasingly difficult for human operators to remain aware of all actions being taken autonomously and thus increasingly difficult to know exactly what the automation is doing and why. Attributes of human-centered automation, capable of preventing such a situation from developing, are discussed
48、 in this chapter. o Appendix 1 presents ICA0 policy on CNSATM systems implementation and operation. 0 Appendix 2 presents a list of recommended reading. 9. This digest was produced by the ICAO Secretariat with the assistance of the ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors Study Group. It is based mainly
49、 on the work of Dr. Charles E. Billings, formerly of the Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, California, on the subject of human-centred aircraft automation (NASA Technical Memorandum 103885, August 1991). It has also borrowed considerably from Harold E. Prices “Conceptual System Design and the Human Role”, published in MANPRINT - An Approach to System Integration, edited by Harold R. Booher, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990. Additional sources of information include ICAO Human Factors Digest No. 5 - Operational Implications of Aufomaiion in Advanced
