1、STD-GPA STD 2140-ENGL 1777 m 3824b77 0038475 782 m GPA Standard 2140-97 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods r- Adopted as Recommended Procedures 193 1 Revised 1940-1947-1948-1951-1955-1957-1959-1960-1962-1968 1970- 7973-1975-1 977- 7980- 7984- 1986- 7988-1 990-1 992-1 996-1 997 G
2、as Processors Associatlon 6526 East 60th Street Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145 TABLE OF CONTENTS Disclaimer ii Foreword . ii GPA Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gases . 1 ASTM D-1265-92: Sampling Liquefied Petroleum Gases . .2 ASTM D-1267-95: Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum Gases .5 ASTM D-1657-
3、89: Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by PressureHydrometer 10 ASTM D-1837-94: Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum Gases . 14 ASTM D-1838-91: Copper Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum Gases 17 ASTM D-2158-92: Residues in Liquefied Petroleum Gases. .20 ASTM D-2163-91: Analysis of Li
4、quefied Petroleum (LP) Gases and Propylene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography. .24 ASTM D-2713-91: Dryness of Propane (Valve Freeze Method). . .29 ASTM D-2784-92: Sulfur in Liquefied Petroleum Gases (Oxyhydrogen Burner or Lamp). .31 Obtaining Liquid Hydrocarbon Samples Using a Floating GPA 2174-93:
5、Pistoncylinder . 37 Propane Dryness Test (Cobalt Bromide Method). .50 Note: ASTM test methods included in this publication have been adopted by GPA, and are included through a right-to-reprint agreement with, and by special permission of, the American Society of Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Stre
6、et, Philadelphia, Pa. 1 DISCLAIMER GPA publications necessarily address problems of a general nature and may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by GPA to assure accuracy and reliability of the information contained in its publications. With respect to particular circumst
7、ances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. It is not the intent of GPA to assume the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train employees, or others exposed, concerning health and safety risks or precautions. GPA makes no representation
8、, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting ffom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict, or for any infringement
9、of letters of patent regarding apparatus, equipment, or method so covered. FOREWORD These specifications generally define physical properties and characteristics of liquefied petroleum gases (LP-Gas) which make them suitable for private, commercial, or industrial applications. These specifications d
10、o not purport to specifically define all possible requirements to meet all possible applications. Therefore the user is cautioned to exercise judgement in formulating final specijications for specific applications. The Gas Processors Association, its management, and supporting companies claim no spe
11、cific knowledge of how manufacturers and users will produce, handle, store, transfer or consume the products defined herein and therefore, are not responsible for any claims, causes of action, liabilities, losses or expenses resulting from injury or death of persons and/or damage to property arising
12、 directly or indirectly from the use of LP-Gas or these specifications relating to LP-Gas. LP-gases are composed of hydrocarbon compounds, predominately propane and butane, produced during the processing of natural gas and also in the conventional processing of crude oil. The composition of LP-gases
13、 may vary depending on the source and the ratios of propane and butane content. They exist as gases at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures, but are readily liquefied under moderate pressures for transportation and utilization There are many uses for LP-gases, the major ones being as (1) pe
14、trochemical, synthetic rubber, and motor gasoline feedstocks, and as (2) commercial, domestic and industrial fuel. The following may be accepted as a general guide for the common uses for the four fuel types covered by these specifications: Commercial Propane is the preferred fuel type for domestic,
15、 commercial and industrial fuels. It is also a suitable fuel for low severity internal combustion engines. Commercial Butane is used principally as feedstock for petrochemicals, synthetic rubber, and as blending stocks or feedstocks in the manufacture of motor gasolines. Its use as a fuel is general
16、ly limited to industrial applications where vaporization problems are not encountered; however, small quantities are used as domestic fuel. Commercial Butane-Propane Mixtures cover a broad range of mixtures, which permits the tailoring of fuels or feedstocks to specific needs. Propane HD-5 is less v
17、ariable in composition and combustion characteristics than other products covered by these specifications. It is also suitable as a fuel for internal combustion engines operating at moderate to high engine severity. Additional Considerations Odorization For certain applications including, but not li
18、mited to, use of LP-gas for residential and commercial fuels, users of LP- gas should be aware of additional requirements of other standards, principally NFPA 58 “Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases“(1) and other regulations (2). NFPA 58 has been adopted widely by local, state and othe
19、r regulatory bodies in the form of laws, ordinances, or regulations governing the safe storage, transportation, and use of LP-gas as fuels. Among other requirements, NFPA 58 (Sec. 14.1.1) stipulates that LP-gases “be odorized by the addition of a warning agent of such character that they are detecta
20、ble, by a distinct odor, down to a concentration in air of not over one-fifth the lower limit of flammability“. NFPA notes that “ethyl mercaptan in the ratio of 1.0 Ib. per 10,OOO gallon of liquid LP-Gas has been recognized as an effective odorant. Other odorants and quantities meeting the requireme
21、nts of 1-4.1.1 may be used. Research on odorants has shown that thiophane in a ratio of at least 6.4 lbs. per 10,OOO gallon of liquid LP-Gas may satisfy the requirements of 1-4.1.“. Ammonia NFPA 58 also states that LP-gas stored or used in systems within the scope of this standard “shall not contain
22、 ammonia“. Although ammonia is not a naturally occurring contaminant of LP-gas, certain industry practices, including the dual use of transportation or storage equipment, may inadvertently result in contamination of LP-gas by ammonia. When such a possibility exists, users should test for the presenc
23、e of ammonia in propane and take appropriate means to eliminate ammonia from the system, since such contamination may cause stress corrosion cracking of copper bearing alloys in the distribution system. 11 STD-GPA STD 214O-ENGL 1777 = 3824b77 0018478 b7L 9 Fluorides Certain refining processes can, d
24、uring process upset or malfunction, result in contamination of LP-gas by fluoride compounds. Such contamination can be extremely destructive in the distribution and end user system. In addition, the combustion products of fluorides can cause physical damage to property and personal health. Similarly
25、, fluorocarbons, such as certain refrigerants, can contaminate gas through dual use of storage or tankage facilities. Such contamination is rare but, if the possibility exists, users of LP-gas should take extreme precautions to insure the absence of fluorides. Sulfur Compounds Sulfur compounds such
26、as elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide may be naturally occurring contaminates of natural gas from which LP-gas is derived. The Copper Snip Corrosion Test (ASTM D-1838) and the Total Sulfur Test (ASTM D-2784) assure limitation of objectionable sulfur compounds to prevent corrosi
27、on of equipment containing brass fittings and copper tubing. However this test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases containing corrosion inhibitors or any other agents which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to the copper strip. Methanol There is a possibility that a small amou
28、nt of methanol may be present in LP-Gas. If methanol is present, ASTM D- 2713. “Standard Test Method for Dryness of Propane-Valve Freeze Method“ is not applicable for determining the dryness of propane type products. Residual LP-gas as produced is normally free of residual matter, which includes tho
29、se heavier hydrocarbons boiling above 100 OF, including any solid foreign materials. If residuals are present as shown by ASTM D-2158, “Standard Test Method for Residues in LP-Gas“, and are in excess of the amount allowed by these specifications, such material may cause improper operation of regulat
30、ors, vaporizers, or combustion apparatus. (1) NFPA 58 “Storage and Handling Liquefied Petroleum Gases-National Fire Protection Association, Battery-March Park, Quincy, MA 02269 (2) Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 49:173.315)(1) Other Trace Constituents Trace constituents other than those mentioned
31、above can also be present in LP-gas as a natural occurrence or from processing. These may include olefins, mercury, and arsenic. Users of LP-gas with processes that can be harmed by these constituents are advised to take appropriate precautions to prevent damage to catalysts and/or process equipment
32、 from these trace materials. . 111 STD-GPA STD ZLqO-ENGL 1997 = 382qb99 0018499 528 Tt -+ 0 00 en in- E= xa Tt com $32 v1 a II I i?: II I 3 the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of onginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
33、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining representative samples of liquefied petroleum gases such as propane, butane, or mixtures thereo
34、f, in containers other than those used in laboratory testing apparatus. These procedures are considered adequate for obtaining representa- tive samples for all routine tests for LP gases required by Specification D 1835 except analysis by Test Method D 2 163. They are not intended for obtaining samp
35、les to be used for compositional analysis. A sample procedure that avoids changes in composition must be used for composi- tional analysis. NOTE l-Practice D3700 describes a recommended method for obtaining a representative sample of a hydrocarbon fluid and the subsequent preparation of that sample
36、for laboratory analysis. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations
37、 prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: D 1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases D 2 163 Test Method for Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases and Propene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography D 3700 Practice for Containing Hydrocarbon Fluid Sam- ples Using a Floa
38、ting Piston Cylinder3 3. Summary of Practice 3.1 A liquid sample is transferred from the source into a sample container by purging the container and filling it with liquid, then providing 20 % outage so that 80 % of the liquid volume remains. 4. Significance and Use 4.1 Samples of liquefied petroleu
39、m gases are examined by various test methods to determine physical and chemical charactenstics. The test results are often used for custody transfer and pricing determination. It is therefore essential that the samples be representative of the product to be tested. I This practice is under the joint
40、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D2 on Petroleum and Petroleum Roducts and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO2.H on Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Cumnt edition approved March 15, 1992. Published May 1992. Onginally published as D 1265 - 53 T. Last previous edition D 1265 - 87. 2 Annual Book
41、 of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.0I. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Siandards, Vols 05.02. 5. General Information 5.1 Considerable effort is required to obtain a representa- tive sample, especially if the material being sampled is a mixture of liquefied petroleum gases. The following factors must be considered: 5.
42、 I. 1 Obtain samples of the liquid phase only. 5. I .2 When it is definitely known that the material being sampled is composed predominantly of only one liquefied petroleum gas, a liquid sample may be taken from any part of the vessel. 5.1.3 When the material being sampled has been agitated until un
43、iformity is assured, a liquid sample may be taken from any part of the vessel. 5.1.4 Because of wide variation in the construction details of containers for liquefied petroleum gases, it is difficult to spec$ a uniform method for obtaining representative sam- ples of heterogeneous mixtures. If it is
44、 not practicable to agitate a mixture for homogeneity, obtain liquid samples by a procedure which has been agreed upon by the contracting parties. 5.1.5 Directions for sampling cannot be made explicit enough to cover ail cases. They must be supplemented by judgment, skill, and sampling experience. E
45、xtreme care and good judgment are necessary to ensure samples which represent the general character and average condition of the material. Because of the hazards involved, liquefied petro- leum gases should be sampled by, or under the supervision of, persons familiar with the necessary safety precau
46、tions. NOTE 2-Samples to be tested for presence of corrosive compounds or sulfur compounds should be taken in stainless steel containers equipped with stainless steel valves; otherwise, determinations of mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide, for example, can be misleading. 5.1.6 Hydrocarbon vapors vented
47、 during sampling must be controlled to assure compliance with applicable safety and environmental regulations. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Sample Container-Use metai sample containers of a type that ensures maximum safety and are resistant to corrosion by the product being sampled. A suitable material is stain
48、less steel. The size of the container depends upon the amount of sample required for the laboratory tests to be made. The sample container should be fitted with an internal outage (ullage) tube to permit release of 20 95 of the container capacity. The end of the container fitted with the outage (ull
49、age) tube shall be clearly marked. Typical sample containers are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. If the container is to be transported, it must often conform to specifications pub- fished in Tariff No. 10, “I.C.C. Regulations for Transporta- tion of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles,” its supple- ments, or reissues. 2 STD-GPA STD 2140-ENGL 1777 382qb77 0018501 Tub (m D1265 VALVE OUTAGE (UIlAGE)TBE SOURCE SAMPUNO VALVE INLET VALVEC * Ht u- VEKi VALVE B FIG. 1 Typical Sample Container and Sampling Connections VALVE A OUTAGE (UiiAGE)TUBE VALVE D FIG. 2 Typical Sample Container and Alterna
