1、 ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Results of the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) noise suppression selection phase (3GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15) TECHNICAL REPORT ETSI ETSI TR
2、126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)13GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15Reference RTR/TSGS-0426978vf00 Keywords GSM,LTE,UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif
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9、e GSM Association. ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)23GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if an
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13、ight to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generatio
14、n Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and
15、ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for
16、the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)33GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15Contents Intellectual Property Rights 2g3Foreword . 2g3Modal verbs terminology 2g3Foreword . 5
17、g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g33 Definitions and abbreviations . 6g33.1 Definitions 6g33.2 Abbreviations . 7g34 General . 8g34.1 Project History 8g34.2 Overview of the AMR-NS Work Item . 8g34.3 Presentation of the following clauses . 8g35 Minimum Performance Requirements . 10g36 Comparison of Candidat
18、es by Subjective Means . 11g37 Selection Phase Listening Tests and Results 11g37.1 Summary of Selection Tests undertaken 12g37.2 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Minimum Performance Requirements . 13g37.3 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Comparison of Candidates 14g37.4 Graphical
19、 Representation of Results from all Formal Listening Tests . 16g37.4.1 Experiment 2: Degradation in Clean Speech (pair comparison test) 16g37.4.2 Experiment 3: Artifacts and Clipping in Background Noise 17g37.4.2.1 Car Noise 17g37.4.2.2 Street Noise. 17g37.4.2.3 Babble Noise . 18g37.4.3 Experiment 4
20、: Performance in Background Noise (5.9kbps AMR Speech Codec) 18g37.4.4 Experiment 5: Performance in Background Noise (12.2kbps AMR Speech Codec) 20g37.4.5 Experiment 6: Performance in Background Noise with Channel Errors (Car Noise with 6dB SNR) 22g37.4.6 Experiment 7: Performance in Background Nois
21、e with Channel Errors (Street Noise with 9dB SNR) . 23g37.4.7 Experiment 8: Performance in Car Noise with VAD/DTX active (VAD Option 1) . 24g37.4.8 Experiment 9: Performance in Street Noise with VAD/DTX active (VAD Option 2) . 25g37.4.9 Experiment 10: Influence of Input Signal Level and Special Nois
22、e Types 26g37.4.9.1 Influence of Input Level 26g37.4.9.2 Performance with Special Noise Types. 27g38 Design Constraints . 27g39 Impact on Voice Activity Factor VAF (with VAD/DTX active) . 28g310 Objective Performance Measurements . 29g311 Feasibility Study: Downlink Noise Suppression for AMR 29g3Ann
23、ex A: Key Selection Phase Documents 31g3Annex B: Selection Phase Test Plan . 32g3Annex C: Global Analysis Spreadsheet 33g3Annex D: Methodologies for Measuring Subjective SNR Improvement 34g3D.1 CCR Experiments . 34g3D.2 ACR Experiments 35g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)43GPP TR 26.978 versio
24、n 15.0.0 Release 15Annex E: Methodology for NS performance evaluation by Objective Means . 37g3Annex F: Methodology for Measuring Impact on Voice Activity Factor (VAF) . 42g3Annex G: Change history 46g3History 47g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)53GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15Forewor
25、d This Technical Report has been produced by the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP). The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-releas
26、ed by the TSG with an identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows: Version x.y.z where: x the first digit: 1 presented to TSG for information; 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is
27、 incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document. ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)63GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 151 Scope The present d
28、ocument provides background information on the performance of the six candidates which were proposed as solutions for publication of an example noise suppression solution for application to the GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec. Experimental test results from the speech quality related test
29、ing are reported to illustrate the behaviour of the candidate algorithms in multiple operational conditions. Additional information is also provided covering data not necessarily directly associated with speech quality (such as complexity, delay, effect on voice activity factor). 2 References The fo
30、llowing documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. - References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. - For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do n
31、ot apply. - For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document. 1 GSM 01.04: “Abbreviations a
32、nd acronyms“. 2 GSM 02.76: “Noise suppression for the AMR codec; Service description; Stage 1“. 3 GSM 03.50: “Transmission planning aspects of the speech service in the GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) system“. 4 GSM 06.08: “Performance characterization of the GSM half rate speech codec“. 5 GSM
33、 06.55: “Performance characterization of the GSM Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech codec“. 6 GSM 06.75: “Performance Characterization of the GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec“. 7 ITU-T Recommendation G.726: “40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 8 ITU-T Rec
34、ommendation G.728: “Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction“. 9 ITU-T Recommendation P.56: “Objective measurement of active speech level“. 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definition
35、s apply. Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec: speech and channel codec capable of operating at gross bit-rates of 11.4 kbit/s (“half-rate“) and 22.8 kbit/s (“full-rate“). In addition, the codec may operate at various combinations of speech and channel coding (codec mode) bit-rates for each channel mode
36、Channel mode: half-rate or full-rate operation Codec mode: for a given channel mode, the bit partitioning between the speech and channel codecs Error Patterns ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)73GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15Error Insertion Device: result of offline simulations stored o
37、n files. To be used by the “Error Insertion Device“ to model the radio transmission from the output of the channel decoder and interleaver to the input of the deinterleaver and channel decoder Full-rate (FR): full-rate channel or channel mode Half-rate (HR): half-rate channel or channel mode Toll Qu
38、ality: speech quality normally achieved on modern wireline telephones. Synonymous with “ISDN quality“ Wireline quality: speech quality provided by modern wireline networks. Normally taken to imply quality at least as good as that of 32kbit/s G.726 7 or G.728 8 16 kbit/s codecs. 3.2 Abbreviations For
39、 the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: A/D Analogue to Digital ACR Absolute Category Rating ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate AMR-NS AMR Noise Suppression BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station C/I Carrier-t
40、o-Interfere ratio CCR Comparison Category Rating CI Confidence Interval CNI Comfort Noise Insertion CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check D/A Digital to Analogue DAT Digital Audio TapeDCR Degradation Category Rating DSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTX Discontinuous Transmission for
41、power consumption and interference reduction ECx Error Conditions at x dB C/I simulating a radio channel under static C/I using ideal Frequency Hopping in a TU3 multipath propagation profile EFR Enhanced Full Rate ESP Product of E (Efficiency), S (Speed) and P (Percentage of Power) of the DSP FH Fre
42、quency Hopping FR Full Rate (also GSM FR) G.726 ITU 16/24/32kbit/s ADPCM codec G.728 ITU 16kbit/s LD-CELP codec G.729 ITU 8/6.4/11.8 kbit/s speech codec GBER Average gross bit error rate GSM Global System for Mobile communications HR Half Rate (also GSM HR) IRS Intermediate Reference System ITU-T In
43、ternational Telecommunication Union - Telecommunications Standardisation Sector MNRU Modulated Noise Reference Unit Mod. IRS Modified IRS MOPS Million of Operation per Seconds MOS Mean Opinion Score MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center Multiple Error Patterns were used during the Characteri
44、sation tests. They are identified by the propagation Error Conditions from which they are derived. The following conventions are used: PCM Pulse Code Modulation PSTN Public Switched Telecommunications Network Q Speech-to-speech correlated noise power ratio in dB SD Standard Deviation SID Silence Des
45、criptorSMG Special Mobile Group ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V15.0.0 (2018-07)83GPP TR 26.978 version 15.0.0 Release 15SNR Signal To Noise Ratio TCH-AFS Traffic CHannel Adaptive Full rate Speech TCH-AHS Traffic CHannel Adaptive Half rate Speech TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TFO Tandem Free Operation tM
46、OPS true Million of Operations per Seconds TUx Typical Urban at multipath propagation profile at x km/s VAD Voice Activity Detector VAF Voice Activity Factor wMOPS weighted Million of Operations per Seconds For abbreviations not given in this clause, see GSM 01.04 1. 4 General 4.1 Project History In
47、 June 1998 during SMG#26, SMG approved a Work Item to develop and standardise a noise suppression solution for the Adaptive Multi-rate (AMR) speech codec. SMG11 have carried out this work since September 1998 (SMG11#7). The work in SMG11 focussed on the preparations for a Selection Phase with the in
48、tention of choosing an example optional noise suppression solution. In the course of this work, documentation covering Requirements 2, Design Constraints, Selection Phase Deliverables, Selection Phase Rules, and a Selection Phase Test Plan were drafted. In August 1999 the Selection Phase commenced.
49、Six Noise Suppression algorithms were submitted as candidates. The algorithm proposals came from Ericsson (NS5), Matra Nortel Communications (MNC) (NS4), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (NS1), Motorola (NS6), Nokia (NS3) and Siemens AG (NS2). Testing of candidate solutions was carried out during September-November 1999, and the listening test results were analysed at two meetings: SMG11#13 (December 1999) and SMG11#14 (January 2000). Listening test results and deliverables from proponents (technical descriptions of the algorithms, analysis of complian
