1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ICS 13.110; 13.180
2、NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators Part 2: Displays 894-2:1997 +A1 :2008National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008. It super
3、sedes BS EN 894-2:1997 which is withdrawn. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“. The UK participati
4、on in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for i
5、ts correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BS EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and
6、comes into effect on 15 July 1997 BSI 2009 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments 31 October 2009 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2008 ISBN 978 0 580 62354 7 EUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN 894-2:1997+A1 October2008 ICS13.110;13.180 EnglishVersion Safetyofm
7、achinery Ergonomicsrequirementsforthedesignof displaysandcontrolactuators Part2:Displays Scurit desmachines Spcificationsergonomiquespour laconceptiondesdispositifsdesignalisationetdes organesdeservice Partie2:Dispositifsdesignalisation SicherheitvonMaschinen ErgonomischeAnforderungen andieGestaltun
8、gvonAnzeigenundStellteilen Teil2: Anzeigen ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon 3January1997andincludesAmendment1approvedbyCENon 14August2008. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuro pean Standardthestatusofanational standardwitho
9、utanyalteration.Up to datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCENManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebyt ranslation undertheresponsibilityo
10、faCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCENManagementCentrehasthesamestatus asthe officialversions. CENmembersarethenatio nalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Ma
11、lta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATIO N EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUN G Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008CEN Allrights ofexploitationinanyforma
12、ndbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN894 2:1997+A1:2008:E EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope4 2 Normative references4 3 Definitions4 4 Visual displays.5 4.1 Requirements for detection of visual displays.6 4.1.1 Positioning the display
13、 .6 4.1.2 Functional relationships between the display and the operator 7 4.1.3 Environmental factors.7 4.1.4 Other conditions to observe for facilitating signal detection .8 4.2 Requirements for identification of visual displays 8 4.2.1 Symbols used for displays .8 4.2.2 Digital displays.10 4.2.3 A
14、nalogue displays.10 4.2.4 Choice of scales for analogue displays 11 4.2.5 Choice of displays in relation to different types of tasks14 4.2.6 Grouping displays.15 4.3 Requirements for interpretation of visual displays16 5 Auditory displays.16 5.1 Requirements for detection of auditory displays.17 5.2
15、 Requirements for identification of auditory displays 17 5.3 Requirements for interpretation of auditory displays17 6 Tactile displays18 6.1 Requirements for detection of tactile displays.18 6.2 Requirements for identification of tactile displays 18 6.3 Requirements for interpretation of tactile dis
16、plays .18 Annex A (informative) Shape of digits 20 Annex ZA (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC“ “ “ “ .21 Annex ZB (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essen
17、tial Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC“ “ “ “.22 BS EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given t
18、he status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-14. This document supersed
19、es EN 894-2:1997. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! “ This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU D
20、irective(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document.“ According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austri
21、a, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 894-2:199
22、7+A1:2008EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction This standard has been prepared to be a harmonised standard in the sense of the Machinery Directive and associated EFTA regulations. 1 Scope This European Standard gives guidance on the selection, design and location of displays to avoid potential er
23、gonomic hazards associated with their use. It specifies ergonomics requirements and covers visual, audible and tactile displays. It applies to displays used in machinery (e.g. devices and installations, control panels, operating and monitoring consoles) for occupational and private use. Specific erg
24、onomics requirements for visual display terminals (VDTs) used for office tasks are given in the standard EN ISO 9241. 2 Normative references This European standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate
25、places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication
26、referred to applies. EN 292-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology. EN 292-2, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles and specifications. EN 457, Safety of machinery Au
27、ditory danger signals General requirements, design and testing (ISO 7731). EN 614-1, Safety of machinery Ergonomics design principles Part 1: Terminology and general principles. EN ISO 9241, Ergonomics requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs). EN 61310-1, Safety of machinery
28、 Indication, marking and actuation Part 1: Requirements for visual, auditory and tactile signals (IEC 1310-1). EN 61310-2, Safety of machinery Indication, marking and actuation Part 2: Requirements for marking (IEC 1310-2). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following defi
29、nitions apply: 3.1 operator the person or persons given the task of installing, operating, adjusting, maintaining, cleaning, repairing or transporting machinery EN 292-1 BS EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 (E) 5 3.2 work task an activity or activities required to achieve an intended outcom
30、e of the work system EN 614-1 3.3 work equipment machinery, tools, vehicles, devices, furniture, installations and other components used in the work system EN 614-1 3.4 signal stimulus related to the status, or change in status, of work equipment which has a potential effect on the senses of an oper
31、ator. This European Standard describes signals which may be detected by the eyes (from visual displays), the ears (from auditory displays), or from the skin (tactile displays) 3.5 display device for presenting information that can change with the aim of making things visible, audible or discriminabl
32、e by touch (tactile) 3.6 digital display display in which the information is shown in numerical code 3.7 alphanumeric display display in which the information is shown as a combination of digits and letters. 3.8 analogue display display in which the status information is shown as a function of lengt
33、h, angle or other dimension. In the case of visual displays, the information may be shown as a function of pointer deflection, length of a bar graph, or similar visual quantity. In the case of auditory displays, information may be transmitted as a function of pitch or loudness. In the case of tactil
34、e displays, the information may be transmitted as a function of the displays vibration (frequency or amplitude), or of the displays displacement. 3.9 symbols letters, digits, pictorial representations, or combinations of these, used for labelling a displays graduations, or as a means of identifying
35、the display itself. 3.10 perception psychophysiological process occurring in the central nervous system, the product of which is knowledge about the environment. Perception is a dynamic process and is not determined merely by the parameters of the signals which initiated it. As a consequence, it is
36、possible that the information obtained may be incomplete, uncertain, or incorrect. Knowledge may be based on one or more of the following levels of perception: detection, identification, and interpretation. Detection is the perceptual process by which the operator becomes aware of the mere presence
37、of a signal. Identification is the perceptual process by which the detected signal is distinguished from other signals. Interpretation is the combination of perceptual and cognitive processes by which the contents and significance of the identified signal are recognised. 4 Visual displays Visual dis
38、plays can be used to transmit large quantities of information to the operator, in a variety of ways. BS EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008 (E) 6 4.1 Requirements for detection of visual displays 4.1.1 Positioning the display The physiological and functional requirements of the operator and t
39、he unobstructed lines of sight available during task performance determine the positioning of the visual display relative to the operator. The size of the operators visual field is limited, which in turn limits the number of displays which can be attended to at any one time. Two different types of v
40、isual task are distinguished: detection tasks and monitoring tasks. Detection tasks are those where the operator has to be alerted by the system, monitoring tasks are those in which the operator actively seeks information. Three zones of decreasing efficiency for visual signal detection are identifi
41、ed for both detection and monitoring tasks as “Recommended“, “Acceptable“ and “Not suitable“ (see Table 1). The centre-lines of the “Recommended“ and “Acceptable“ zones lie in the median plane and correspond with the line of sight, as shown in figures 1 and 2. In the detection task the line of sight
42、 depends on the main centre of attention. For monitoring tasks displays may be positioned around a line of sight that is at an angle below the horizontal which is known to be more comfortable for the operator. The angles presented in these figures are general ergonomic recommendations; it is assumed
43、 that the operator has normal vision, and is able to maintain a relaxed and stable (preferably seated) position, close to the displays. Table 1 Levels of suitability Level of suitability Significance A: Recommended This zone shall be used wherever possible B: Acceptable This zone may be used if the
44、recommended zone cannot be used C: Not suitable This zone should not be chosen Vertical field of vision for detection Horizontal field of vision for detection Legend: S: Line of sight, direction is imposed by external task requirements Figure 1 Detection tasks BS EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008EN 894-2:1997+A
45、1:2008 (E) 7 Vertical field of vision for monitoring Horizontal field of vision for monitoring Legend: S N : Normal line of sight, 15 to 30 below the horizontal Figure 2 Monitoring tasks Visual displays shall not be positioned outside the “Recommended“ and “Acceptable“ zones unless appropriate aids
46、have been provided by the designer. For example additional auditory displays, or other devices which do not require large changes in the operators posture. The “Not suitable“ zone should only be used for displays which are not critical for safe operation. Where the operators ability to discriminate
47、colour is important for the correct use of displays, the limits of the “Acceptable“ zone must be reduced, because the size of the central visual field (which is sensitive to colour) is smaller than the field of which is sensitive to white light. 4.1.2 Functional relationships between the display and
48、 the operator In general, these relationships are of two types. The first is where the operator seeks out and observes the display. The second is where the operators attention is demanded by the display itself (e.g. flashing warning or acoustic alarm); or the operator is alerted by one or more types of display (e.g. a combination of visual and auditory displays); or the operator is alerted by the status of the system to check the display. For either
