欢迎来到麦多课文档分享! | 帮助中心 海量文档,免费浏览,给你所需,享你所想!
麦多课文档分享
全部分类
  • 标准规范>
  • 教学课件>
  • 考试资料>
  • 办公文档>
  • 学术论文>
  • 行业资料>
  • 易语言源码>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 麦多课文档分享 > 资源分类 > PDF文档下载
    分享到微信 分享到微博 分享到QQ空间

    CSA PLUS 4011-2010 TECHNICAL GUIDE Infrastructure in permafrost A guideline for climate change adaptation.pdf

    • 资源ID:621587       资源大小:6.81MB        全文页数:112页
    • 资源格式: PDF        下载积分:10000积分
    快捷下载 游客一键下载
    账号登录下载
    微信登录下载
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录
    下载资源需要10000积分(如需开发票,请勿充值!)
    邮箱/手机:
    温馨提示:
    如需开发票,请勿充值!快捷下载时,用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)。
    如需开发票,请勿充值!如填写123,账号就是123,密码也是123。
    支付方式: 支付宝扫码支付    微信扫码支付   
    验证码:   换一换

    加入VIP,交流精品资源
     
    账号:
    密码:
    验证码:   换一换
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    CSA PLUS 4011-2010 TECHNICAL GUIDE Infrastructure in permafrost A guideline for climate change adaptation.pdf

    1、TECHNICAL GUIDEInfrastructure in permafrost: A guideline for climate change adaptationPLUS 4011-10Published in June 2010 by Canadian Standards AssociationA not-for-profit private sector organization5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N61-800-463-6727 416-747-4044TECHNICAL

    2、 GUIDEInfrastructure in permafrost: A guideline for climate change adaptationCSA Special PublicationLegal NoticeThis document is provided by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) as a convenience only. Disclaimer and exclusion of liabilityThis document is provided without any representations, war

    3、ranties, or conditions of any kind, express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties or conditions concerning this documents fitness for a particular purpose or use, its merchantability, or its non-infringement of any third partys intellectual property rights. CSA does not warra

    4、nt the accuracy, completeness, or currency of any of the information published in this document. CSA makes no representations or warranties regarding this documents compliance with any applicable statute, rule, or regulation. IN NO EVENT SHALL CSA, ITS VOLUNTEERS, MEMBERS, SUBSIDIARIES, OR AFFILIATE

    5、D COMPANIES, OR THEIR EMPLOYEES, DIRECTORS, OR OFFICERS, BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSES, HOWSOEVER CAUSED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOST REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST OR DAMAGED DATA, OR ANY OTH

    6、ER COMMERCIAL OR ECONOMIC LOSS, WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), OR ANY OTHER THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RESULTING FROM ACCESS TO OR POSSESSION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF CSA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSE

    7、S.In publishing and making this document available, CSA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity or to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to another person or entity. The information in this document is directed to those who have

    8、 the appropriate degree of experience to use and apply its contents, and CSA accepts no responsibility whatsoever arising in any way from any and all use of or reliance on the information contained in this document. Intellectual property rights and ownershipAs between CSA and the users of this docum

    9、ent (whether it be in printed or electronic form), CSA is the owner, or the authorized licensee, of all works contained herein that are protected by copyright, all trade-marks (except as otherwise noted to the contrary), and all inventions and trade secrets that may be contained in this document, wh

    10、ether or not such inventions and trade secrets are protected by patents and applications for patents. Without limitation, the unauthorized use, modification, copying, or disclosure of this document may violate laws that protect CSAs and/or others intellectual property and may give rise to a right in

    11、 CSA and/or others to seek legal redress for such use, modification, copying, or disclosure. To the extent permitted by licence or by law, CSA reserves all intellectual property rights in this document.Patent rightsAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may

    12、be the subject of patent rights. CSA shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Users of this document are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights is entirely their own responsibility.Use of this documentThis document is being

    13、provided by CSA for informational and non-commercial use only. If you do not agree with any of the terms and conditions contained in this Legal Notice, you may not use this document. Use of this document constitutes your acceptance of the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice.100%ISBN 978-1-5549

    14、1-408-1Technical Editor: Erik Sparling Canadian Standards Association 2010All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher.To purchase CSA Standards and related publications, visit CSAs Online Store at www.ShopCSA

    15、.ca or call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044.The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) prints its publications on Rolland Enviro100, which contains 100% recycled post-consumer fibre, is EcoLogo and Processed Chlorine Free certified, and was manufactured using biogas energy.iTECHNICAL GUIDEInf

    16、rastructure in permafrost: A guideline for climate change adaptationACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDevelopment of this Guideline would not have been possible without the generous support of a number of organizations and the significant volunteer efforts of a sizeable group of people. Support for the development th

    17、is Guideline was provided by Infrastructure Canada and Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.Members of the Permafrost Working Group (Appendix 1) were the main parties involved in developing, refining, and endorsing the Guideline. Certain members made especially significant contributions in this regard

    18、, serving as lead authors for one or more chapters of the Guideline, or providing their editorial advice. The Lead Authors and Principal Editor of the Guideline are noted in Appendix 1, as are the Co-Chairs of the Working Group, Dr. Chris Burn and Ms. Sara Brown, P. Eng.Dr. Neil Comer of Environment

    19、 Canadas Adaptation and Impacts Research Section produced original analysis for Chapter 5 of this Guideline. Sharon Fernandez coordinated the scientific contributions of Environment Canada throughout the development of the Guideline.More than 60 people (Appendix 4) provided input on a preliminary ve

    20、rsion of this Guideline at three outreach sessions, in Whitehorse, YT, Iqaluit, NU, and Inuvik, NT. Canadian Standards AssociationiiEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroduction to the GuidelineInfrastructure in the North commonly depends on permafrost for its foundation material. Such infrastructure should be desi

    21、gned with full consideration for the potential of climate change, particularly increases in air temperature, to cause permafrost warming and/or thawing and create significantly different foundation environments in the future.This Guideline is for decision makers with a role in planning, purchasing,

    22、developing, or operating community infrastructure in permafrost regions. It will assist people who are not experts in permafrost and/or climate change, by providing: (i) a better understanding of critical permafrost- and climate change-related issues; (ii) a means for locating key information source

    23、s on these topics; and, (iii) the ability to ask “the right questions” of those they hire to ensure appropriate planning, assessment, design, and construction of community infrastructure projects. The Guideline provides contextual material and guidance on the following:1. Permafrost as an environmen

    24、tal variable, and its response to climate and other environmental change (Chapters 2 and 3);2. Foundation types for community infrastructure in permafrost (Chapter 4);3. Trends in climate and permafrost conditions across northern Canada (Chapters 5 and 6); and4. A process for ensuring that climate c

    25、hange is incorporated into (a) the siting, and (b) the design of foundation systems in permafrost terrain (Chapter 7).This Guideline is focused on new infrastructure projects rather than on maintenance of existing structures. It addresses how to estimate and account for the effects of future climate

    26、 on permafrost and on foundations at sites where permafrost may be a factor. Most information in this Guideline is of relevance to the majority of community infrastructure types.Introduction to permafrostPermafrost is ground (soil or rock) that remains below 0C for two or more consecutive years. Per

    27、mafrost is fundamentally a product of climate, so it is found at high altitude as well as high latitude. While the majority of permafrost in Canada is found in the territories, there is also considerable permafrost in the mountains of Alberta and British Columbia, and in the northern portions of the

    28、 provinces from Alberta eastwards to Newfoundland and Labrador. iiiTECHNICAL GUIDEInfrastructure in permafrost: A guideline for climate change adaptationThe ice content of permafrost is, together with temperature, a key determinant of permafrosts strength and behaviour as a foundation material. The

    29、ice content commonly varies with soil type and other local conditions. Fine-grained soils such as fine sands, silts and, clays are particularly susceptible to the development of ground ice in permafrost, especially in the uppermost few metres at a site. Many northern communities are located close to

    30、 the ocean, rivers, or lakes at sites with silt and clay-rich marine and floodplain soils containing significant amounts of ground ice.An increase in temperature at the surface of the ground, whether due to a disturbance of the ground or to a change in climate, will lead to gradual and generalized i

    31、ncreases in temperature throughout the permafrost. Permafrost at temperatures very close to 0 C will respond more slowly to the effects of surface warming than permafrost below about 4 C, since in the “warm” permafrost a significant amount of the energy that is introduced by surface warming is absor

    32、bed by melting of ice rather than in raising the ground temperature.Changes to the characteristics and occurrence of permafrost due to construction activities and climate changeClimate is the principal factor controlling the formation and persistence of permafrost. There are general relations betwee

    33、n air and ground temperatures, permafrost thicknesses, and summer thaw depths, but local factors are important in determining specific permafrost conditions at a site. A change in air temperatures and other climate variables will result in a change of ground temperature, but this will vary depending

    34、 on site conditions, so the design, construction, and management of infrastructure foundations must always recognize the importance of site-specific conditions. During site preparation and infrastructure construction, activities such as vegetation clearance, surface grading, and removal or compressi

    35、on of the organic layer will occur, usually raising ground temperatures. Where the structure is a building, the most significant impact on permafrost normally occurs immediately beneath the building, as heat generated through its use is conducted downwards into the foundation.For construction design

    36、, a main difference between unfrozen soils and permafrost is the strength presented by pore ice which binds the soil particles together in permafrost. However, frozen soils weaken as they warm, and, when they thaw, lose all strength conferred by their ice content. The long-term strength of frozen gr

    37、ound depends on the soil or rock of which the ground is composed, and the amount of ice in the ground. Ground ice may deform (or bend) under sustained loads over time, a process known as “creep”. The potential for creep increases rapidly as ice approaches its melting point.Where ground is covered by

    38、 sediments, the upper parts of permafrost commonly contain “excess” ice ice content greater than the pore space of the thawed soil. Soils with excess ice undergo considerable transformation when they thaw. Initially, the excess water content reduces the strength of the soil. As excess water from tha

    39、wing permafrost drains, the soil settles and the ground subsides. Spatial variation in excess ice Canadian Standards Associationivcontents and soil drainage can result in differential thaw settlement. This is a design factor for larger structures which may cover patches of different materials, as di

    40、fferential settlement may lead to deformation of the structure.Northern infrastructure foundationsConventional foundation design primarily considers two related factors: bearing capacity and settlement. Settlement is both the total and any differential settlement beneath a structure, resulting from

    41、one or several of the support elements. Foundation design in permafrost imposes several challenges for control of differential settlement and the resulting deformation of structures. First, the bearing capacity of permafrost is largely a function of the amount and temperature of ground ice. As the a

    42、mount of ground ice commonly varies across the area of a construction site, bearing capacity may differ across a foundation, causing different portions of the structure to experience settlement at different rates. Second, since ice-rich soils consolidate and discharge excess water as they thaw, vari

    43、ably distributed ground ice can result in the settlement of portions of the ground, causing distortion in the structure above. Third, if the “active layer” of ground above the permafrost that thaws and freezes each year deepens, foundation systems that rely on piles may experience accentuated frost

    44、heaving. Less of the piles surface will be frozen year-round to the surrounding soil, while more will be exposed to the lifting force exerted through soil expansion when the water in the active layer re-freezes in the autumn and winter. It is important that long-lasting community infrastructure in p

    45、ermafrost regions accommodate the potential instability of the ground. Foundations that rely directly on frozen ground must be designed to ensure the ground does not thaw following construction, and all foundations must accommodate changes that are anticipated throughout the service life of the stru

    46、cture.Three principal foundation types are commonly used in permafrost terrain:Surface pads: The construction of a surface pad to preserve the temperature of the underlying permafrost is common in northern Canada. One of the primary advantages of using surface footings on a granular pad with a cold

    47、crawl space below is the ability to compensate for any differential settlement through jacking or shimming. Unheated structures may be built directly on a pad, but only if they are well ventilated, have insulation inserted between the structure and the pad, and remain unheated throughout their servi

    48、ce life.Deep foundations: There are two fundamental pile types in use in the Canadian North: adfreeze piles and rock-socketed piles. Their designs and applications are fundamentally different. Adfreeze piles are commonly installed where permafrost soils extend to substantial depths without encounter

    49、ing bedrock. These piles rely on the bond with the surrounding ground for their load-bearing capacity. The ground can be ice-rich but should be below 3 C, and colder still if the soil is saline. Rock-socketed piles are used vTECHNICAL GUIDEInfrastructure in permafrost: A guideline for climate change adaptationwhere bedrock occurs within a practical depth below the surface. These piles are designed to transfer the full load of a structure to the underlying bedrock.Foundations with heat exchangers: Foundations enhanced with heat exchangers are now widespread in Canadas


    注意事项

    本文(CSA PLUS 4011-2010 TECHNICAL GUIDE Infrastructure in permafrost A guideline for climate change adaptation.pdf)为本站会员(ideacase155)主动上传,麦多课文档分享仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知麦多课文档分享(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!




    关于我们 - 网站声明 - 网站地图 - 资源地图 - 友情链接 - 网站客服 - 联系我们

    copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库(www.mydoc123.com)网站版权所有
    备案/许可证编号:苏ICP备17064731号-1 

    收起
    展开