1、ICNIRP Cataloguing in Publication Data MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL RADIATION HAZARDS A Reference Book, Based on Presentations Given by Health and Safety Experts on Optical Radiation Hazards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, September 1-3, 1998. ICNIRP 6/98 CIE XO 16- 1998 I. Optical Radiation 2. Hazards mea
2、surement 3. Non-Ionizing Radiation I. Review ISBN 3-9804789-5-5 The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Scientific Secretariat
3、, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. O International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 1 998 I Publications of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiat
4、ion Protection enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. ICNIRP Scientific Secretary R. Matthes Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz Institut fr Strahlenhygiene Ingolstdter Landstrae 1 D-85764 Oberschleiheim Germany
5、Tel: (+ 49 89) 31603 288 Fax: (+49 89) 3 1603 289 e-mail: RMATTHESBFS.DE WWW: http:JJwww.icnirp.de CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A- 1030 Vienna Austria Tel: (+ 43 i) 714 31 87 O Fax: (+43 i) 713 08 38 18 e-mai i : ciecb ping .at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/cie/home.htmi Printed by Mrkl-Druck, Mnchen
6、 - Preface THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organization devoted to intemational cooperation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists
7、 of the National Committees in 39 countries and one geographical area and of Il individual members. 1. To provide an international forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these f
8、ields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. 3. To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 1. To prepare
9、 and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other intemational organizations concerned with matters related to the science, tec
10、hnology, standardization and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried on by eight Divisions each with about 20 Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports de
11、veloped by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognized as the authority on all aspects
12、 of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organizations. The objectives of the CIE are : LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lc
13、hange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprsentant 39 pays plus un territoire gographique, et de Il membres individuels. I. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relev
14、ant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de Ic lairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des
15、principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lcl
16、airage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par huit Divisio
17、ns, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Ses
18、sion plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importan
19、te parmi les organisations internationales. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndem be
20、zglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in 39 Lndern und einem geographischen Gebiet und aus 1 1 persnlichen Mitgliedern. I. Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik
21、 und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. Die Ziele der CIE sind: V Preface 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Metechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgn
22、gen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere PubIikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft. Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison und te
23、chnische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten. die mir Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik. Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in acht Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betr
24、ifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen intemational zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind von der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Tagungen werden alle vier Jahre abgehalten, in der die Arbeiten der Div
25、isionen berprft und berichtet und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON
26、-IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is an independent scientific organization whose aims are to provide guidance and advice on the health hazards of non-ionizing radiation exposure. ICNIRP was established to advance non-ionizing r
27、adiation protection for the benefit of people and the environment. It develops international guidelines on limits of exposure to non-ionizing radiations which are independent and science based; provides science based guidance and recommendations on protection from non- ionizing radiation exposure; e
28、stablishes principles of non-ionizing radiation protection for formulating international and national protection programmes. ICNIRP is the formally recognized non-governmental organization in non-ionizing radiation for the World Health Organization and the International Labour Office, maintains a cl
29、ose liaison and working relationship with all international bodies engaged in the field of non-ionizing radiation protection, and represents radiation protection professionals worldwide through its close collaboration with the International Radiation Protection Association and its national societies
30、. Work is conducted in four standing committees - on Epidemiology, Biology, Physics and Optics - and in conjunction with appropriate international and national health and research organizations as well as universities and other academic institutions. ICNIRP MEMBERSHIP UP TO 2000: J.H. Bernhardt, Cha
31、irman, Germany A. Ahlbom. Sweden J.P. Csarini, France F. de Gruijl, The Netherlands R. Owen, USA J.A.J. Stolwijk, USA M. Taki, Japan M.H. Repacholi, (Emerit us), Switzerland A.F. McKinlay, Vice-chairman, United Kingdom U. Bergqvist, Sweden M. Grandolfo, Italy M. Hietanen, Finland D.H. Sliney, USA L.
32、D. Szabo, Hungary T.S. Tenforde, USA R. Matthes, Scientific Secretary, Germany VI Preface FOREWORD The intend of this publication is to provide guidance on how to measure intense light sources (Le. UV, visible, and infrared) and evaluate the potential hazards to the eye or skin. In addition to measu
33、rement, calculations are usually required to compare the measured exposure with optical safety limits. This determines the hazard level of the source. This reference book offers a unique source with which to catch up on the latest developments in this important field. The authors are internationally
34、 recognised leading experts in their fields. In many cases, the authors are the chairpersons of technical committees (TC) of CIE Division 6. The objective of this “first-of-its-kind overview is in many respects tutorial, to promote improved, standardized radiometric measurements of optical radiation
35、 hazards from ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation sources. In addition, the radiometric assessment of protective measures such as sunscreens, clothing and eye protection will also be covered. To achieve this goal, the first few chapters are devoted to a review of the photobiological basis of
36、 human exposure guidelines. The second series of chapters are devoted to the human health guidelines (exposure limits) - their rationale and any remaining uncertainties. Then, in the third group of chapters, actual measurements and instrumentation are considered. This unique reference book is based
37、on the lectures, results from breakout/discussion groups, posters, and special sessions of the international symposium on “MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL RADIATION HAZARDS”, held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, September 1-3, 1998. This reference b
38、ook is aimed, but not limited to: industrial hygienists, health physicists, optical physicists, photobiologists, safety engineers, and lighting engineers. The Editors 1 December 1998 VI1 Preface ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The support received for the Symposium ?Measurement of Optical Radiation Hazards? and the
39、 production of this book from the National Institute for Standards and Technology, the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, the US Food and Drug Administration, the International Radiation Protection Association, and the German Government is gratefully acknowledged. VIII Pref
40、ace Contents PREFACE The International Commission on Illumination International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Foreword Acknowledgements INTRODUCTION ICNIRP CIE Division 6 BACKGROUND OF ACTION SPECTRA Photobiological Action Spectra - What Do They Mean? Photobiological Action Spectra
41、 - Limits on Resolution David H. Sliney Thomas P. Coohill THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR ACTION SPECTRA The Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Erythema - History Frederick Urbach The CIE Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Erythema Brian L. Diffey The Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Erythema - High Resolution fr
42、om Lasers Angelika Anders and Beate Brase Ultraviolet Action Spectra for Photosensitization Jean-Pierre Csarini Ultraviolet Action Spectra for Skin Carcinogenesis Frank de Gruijl V VI VII VIII 3 15 27 41 51 63 69 81 93 IX Preface An Action Spectrum for Photocarcinogenesis - (Non - Melanoma Skin Canc
43、ers) P. Donald Forbes and the Members of CIE TC 6-32 UV-Induced Immunosuppression: Wavelength Dependency and its Implications Edward C. de Fabo, Vi Dang, and Frances P. Noonan UV Skin Aging Jean - Pierre C s ari ni Action Spectra for Circadian and Neuroendocrine Regulation in Mammals George Brainard
44、, Jeffrey M. Greeson, and John P. Hanifin The Cornea - Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Photokeratitis Joseph Zuclich The Lens - Ultraviolet and Infrared Action Spectra for Cataract, Acute In Vivo Studies Anthony Cullen The Lens - Infrared Action Spectrum for Cataract - A Study Based on a Thermal Mod
45、el Tsutomu Okuno The Lens - Human Data from Chronic Exposure: UV Related Cataract Kazuyuki Sasaki The Retina and Action Spectrum for Photoretinitis (“Blue- Light Hazard“) Bruce Stuck The Action Spectrum for Retinal Thermal Injury David J. Lund Retinal Damage Induced by Red Diode Laser Joseph A. Zucl
46、ich and David J. Stolarski CIE Efforts in Standardization of Action Spectra Jean-Pierre Csarini 1 O5 115 I25 131 143 I59 173 179 193 209 229 233 X Preface HUMAN EXPOSURE GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ACGIH Action Spectra for Hazard Assessment: The TLVs David H. Sliney and Maurice Bitran ICNIRP Action Spe
47、ctra and Guidelines Maila Hietanen Occupational Exposure Limits for Non-Laser Infrared Radiation in Poland Stanislaw Marzec Action Spectra Used in Standards: Impact on Radiation Protection Colin Roy and Peter Gies CIE Photobiological Lamp Safety Standard Robert Landry, Robert Levin and Rolf Bergman
48、Photobiological Safety and Risk - ANSVIESNA RP- 27 Series Robert Levin Optical Radiation Hazards and International Electrotechnical Standards for Lighting Products Peter Drop The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration Activities in Lamp Evaluation Sharon A. Miller a
49、nd Robert H. James The Design of Effective Ocular Protection for Solar Radiation John Mellerio Maximum Permissible Exposure to Incoherent Radiation - Activities in IEC / TC / 76 / WG 9 Ernst Sutter Action Spectra for Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia - Monitoring Meiers Myron L. Wolbarsht 24 1 26 1 269 27 1 289 295 309 315 323 34 1 353 XI Preface Germicidal Action Spectra and UV Disinfection Monitoring Meters Richard Vincent The Development of International Ligh
