1、 TECHNICAL REPORT Lighting for Older People and People with Visual Impairment in Buildings CIE 227:2017 UDC: 612.843.35 Descriptor: Colour contrast. Luminance contrast 612.843.355 Contrast. sensitivity 612.843.632 Visual acuity 612.845.5 Defects of colour vision ISBN 978-3-901906-96-1 DOI: 10.25039/
2、TR.227.2017 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organization devoted to international co -operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership cons
3、ists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are: 1. To provide an international forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between
4、countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. 3. To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish s
5、tandards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organizations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, stan
6、dardization and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried out by Technical Committees, organized in seven Divisions. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these
7、international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reported and reviewed, and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognized as the authority on all aspects of light and
8、 lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organizations. LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres
9、sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprsentant environ 40 pays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et d
10、e lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et
11、nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique
12、 avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par Comits Techniques, organiss en sept Divisions. Les sujets dtudes stendent des
13、questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, e
14、n fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne t ous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOM
15、MISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Kom
16、itees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind: 1. Ein internationales Forum fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der
17、Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentliche
18、n, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Frage n der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun ha
19、ben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird durch Technische Komitees geleistet, die in sieben Divisionen organisiert sind. Diese Arbeit betriff t Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen a
20、usgearbeitet werden, sind auf der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Alle vier Jahre findet eine Session statt, in der die Arbeiten der Divisionen berichtet und berprft werden, sowie neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung a
21、ngesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Babenbergerstrasse 9, A-1010 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at www.cie.co.at CIE 2017 - All
22、rights reserved TECHNICAL REPORT Lighting for Older People and People with Visual Impairment in Buildings CIE 227:2017 UDC: 612.843.35 Descriptor: Colour contrast. Luminance contrast 612.843.355 Contrast. sensitivity 612.843.632 Visual acuity 612.845.5 Defects of colour vision ISBN 978-3-901906-96-1
23、 DOI: 10.25039/TR.227.2017 CIE 227:2017 ii This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 3-44 of Division 3 “Interior Environment and Lighting Design“ and has been approved by the Board of Administration as well as by Division 3 of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage. Th
24、e document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport tec
25、hnique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 3-44 de la Division 3 “Environnement intrieur et tude de lclairage“ et a t approuv par le Bureau et Division 3 de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lum
26、ire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 3-44 der Division 3 “Innenraum und Beleuchtungsentwurf“ ausg
27、earbeitet und vom Vorstand sowie Division 3 der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Intere
28、ssierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention of organizations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these ma
29、y not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung du
30、rch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, besteht die Mglichkeit, dass diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2017 - All rights reserved CIE 227:2017 iii The following members of TC 3-44 “Lighting for older people and peop
31、le with visual impairment in buildings“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 3 “Interior Environment and Lighting Design”. Authors: Akashi, Y. (Chair) Japan Akizuki, Y. Japan Cobham, M. Netherlands Itoh, N. Japan Miller, N.J. USA Schlangen, L.J.M.
32、 Netherlands van den Broek Cools, J.H.F. Netherlands Advisors: Chen, C.-Y. Chinese Taipei Gven, T. Sweden Kitamura, S. Japan Sagawa, K. Japan CIE 227:2017 iv CONTENTS Summary vi Rsum vi Zusammenfassung vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Growing ageing society 1 1.2 Prevalence of low vision 2 1.3 Relevant CIE p
33、ublications 2 1.4 Goal and outline of the present report 3 2 Research update of low vision and visual changes with age 3 2.1 Ageing eyes 3 2.1.1 Reduced accommodation 4 2.1.2 Increased intraocular light scatter 4 2.1.3 Reduced spatial contrast sensitivity 5 2.1.4 Decreased retinal illuminance 5 2.1.
34、5 Slower dark adaptation 6 2.2 Change of colour vision with age 6 2.2.1 Outline of how human colour vision works 6 2.2.2 How anatomical and physiological changes with age cause psychophysical changes at threshold 7 2.2.3 Colour discrimination 8 2.2.4 Colour appearance at suprathreshold levels 8 2.2.
35、5 Renormalization of chromatic mechanisms 9 2.2.6 How findings on change in colour vision with age can be applied for interior lighting 9 2.3 Low vision 10 3 Lighting requirements for visual tasks defined by visual models 11 3.1 Approaches to illuminance requirements for older people and people with
36、 low vision 11 3.2 Age-related changes in spectral transmittance of the human crystalline lens and pupil area 11 3.2.1 Age-related changes in spectral transmittance of the crystalline lens 11 3.2.2 Age-related pupil reduction 12 3.2.3 Age-related reduction in retinal illuminance 13 3.3 Visual perfor
37、mance models including ageing factors 14 3.3.1 Visual acuity model 15 3.3.2 RVP model 23 3.4 Contrast sensitivity 24 3.4.1 Contrast sensitivity of older adults with normal vision 25 3.4.2 Contrast sensitivity of people with low vision: Effects of mean luminance 25 3.5 Illuminance preference for olde
38、r adults with normal vision to perform visual tasks 26 3.6 Illuminance effects on people with low vision 28 3.6.1 Illuminance requirements for people with low vision 28 3.6.2 Effect of correlated colour temperature of a lamp on visual performance of people with low vision 28 3.6.3 Colour similarity
39、recognized by people with low vision: Effects of illuminance 29 4 Lighting requirements for older people to move through escape routes 29 CIE 227:2017 v 4.1 Travel speed when walking considering luminance condition and visual acuity 30 4.2 Subjective assessments of satisfaction with lighting on esca
40、pe routes 32 5 The impact of disability and discomfort glare 34 5.1 Disability glare 34 5.2 Discomfort glare 35 5.3 Visual mechanisms of discomfort sensitivity 36 5.4 Measures to reduce glare 37 6 Non-visual effect of light on older people and people with low vision 37 6.1 Sleep efficiency 38 6.2 Sp
41、ectral power distributions useful for older adults 39 6.3 Light useful for people with visual impairments to improve sleep efficiency 39 7 Recommendations for practical lighting solutions for older people and people with low vision 40 7.1 Light for the visual task 40 7.1.1 Illuminance level 40 7.1.2
42、 Contrast 40 7.1.3 Visual task with colour 41 7.2 Recommendations 41 7.2.1 Illuminance levels 42 7.2.2 Illuminance requirements for young and older people 42 7.2.3 Implementations of illuminance recommendations 44 7.3 Colour temperature 44 7.4 Discomfort glare 45 7.5 Task and ambient lighting 46 8 D
43、esign guides for lighting practitioners to improve their design skills 48 8.1 Increase the luminance contrast of the hazards 48 8.1.1 Increase the contrast of stair nose to the background 48 8.1.2 Maintain appropriate luminance contrasts of tactile tiles and the background floor 50 8.1.3 Maintain an
44、 appropriate contrast between tactile tiles and the floor 50 8.2 Apply the model of colour similarity for low vision to practical design 51 8.3 Help recognize the depth of a space easily 52 8.3.1 Do not use the same colour for ceiling, walls, and floor 52 8.3.2 Do not use decorative band patterns th
45、at may induce visual illusions in which the band patterns appear to be steps 52 8.3.3 Provide visual information effective to recognize the depth of a space 54 8.3.4 Draw stripes to make people become aware of the depth of a space 54 8.3.5 Install indirect lighting luminaires in the baseboard along
46、a corridor and in the borderlines between the ceiling and the walls 54 8.3.6 Draw a line on the floor to guide pedestrians 55 8.3.7 Increase local illuminance at hazardous areas 55 8.3.8 Use larger font sizes for signs located at high places 55 8.3.9 Use night lighting to control posture and avoid f
47、alls 56 Definitions of contrasts 57 A.1 Weber contrast 57 A.2 Michelson contrast 57 Demonstrations of how to apply the Visual Acuity Model (Inoue and Akizuki, 1998) 58 References 60 CIE 227:2017 vi LIGHTING FOR OLDER PEOPLE AND PEOPLE WITH LOW VISION Summary This report summarizes lighting recommend
48、ations on lighting and visual environment in interior spaces such as offices, public spaces, and residences for healthy older people (d efined as people aged 50 years and older) with normal vision, and people with low vision, and implements guidelines described in CIE 196:2011 into practical solutio
49、ns. The report provides (1) illuminance recommendations, derived from simulations with exist ing visual models for older people, (2) state of art of studies on how light helps people with low vision see objects by reviewing recent literature, and (3) design guidelines for lighting practitioners how to design appropriate visual environments for people with low vision. ECLAIRAGE POUR PERSONNES GES ET DES PERSONNES VISION REDUITE DANS BATIMENTS R
