欢迎来到麦多课文档分享! | 帮助中心 海量文档,免费浏览,给你所需,享你所想!
麦多课文档分享
全部分类
  • 标准规范>
  • 教学课件>
  • 考试资料>
  • 办公文档>
  • 学术论文>
  • 行业资料>
  • 易语言源码>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 麦多课文档分享 > 资源分类 > PDF文档下载
    分享到微信 分享到微博 分享到QQ空间

    CEN TR 15404-2010 Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures《固体燃料 恢复方法测定灰熔融行为通过使用特征温度》.pdf

    • 资源ID:592119       资源大小:676.32KB        全文页数:22页
    • 资源格式: PDF        下载积分:10000积分
    快捷下载 游客一键下载
    账号登录下载
    微信登录下载
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录
    下载资源需要10000积分(如需开发票,请勿充值!)
    邮箱/手机:
    温馨提示:
    如需开发票,请勿充值!快捷下载时,用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)。
    如需开发票,请勿充值!如填写123,账号就是123,密码也是123。
    支付方式: 支付宝扫码支付    微信扫码支付   
    验证码:   换一换

    加入VIP,交流精品资源
     
    账号:
    密码:
    验证码:   换一换
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    CEN TR 15404-2010 Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures《固体燃料 恢复方法测定灰熔融行为通过使用特征温度》.pdf

    1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 15404:2010Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determinationof ash melting behaviourby using characteristictemperaturesPD CEN/TR 15404:2010 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational

    2、forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15404:2010. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15404:2006 which iswithdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained

    3、on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69900 9ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Publis

    4、hed Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 15404:2010TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15404 September 2010 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS

    5、15404:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthode de dtermination de la fusibilit des cendres Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Schmelzverhalt

    6、ens der Asche bei Anwendung charakteristischer Temperaturen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 12 June 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 343. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Es

    7、tonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EU

    8、ROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15404:2010: EPD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introducti

    9、on .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle 6 5 Reagents .6 6 Apparatus and auxiliary means 6 7 Test conditions 7 8 Methodology .8 9 Procedure .8 10 Evaluation of available results .9 Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results 12 Bibliography . 17 PD CEN/T

    10、R 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15404:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

    11、patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15404:2006. CEN/TS 15404:2006 was not to be kept as a Technical Specification and respectively not converted into a European Standard due to lack of acceptab

    12、le precision data (see 1, 2). This document differs from CEN/TS 15404:2006 as follows: a) symbol of shrinking temperature changed from ST to SST; b) charts and key of Figure 1 corrected; c) clause “Precision“ deleted; d) clause on evaluation of results added; e) interlaboratory test results suppleme

    13、nted as graphs in an informative annex; f) whole document editorially revised. PD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 4 Introduction Ash melting is a complex process where also shrinkage, sintering and swelling can occur. The test methods described in this Technical Report provide information abo

    14、ut fusion and melting behaviour of the composite inorganic constituents of the fuel ash at high temperatures. The test methods available are empirical in most cases. The ashes used for the tests are homogeneous material, prepared from the fuel, and the determination is performed at a controlled rate

    15、 of heating in a controlled atmosphere. In contrast, under full-scale conditions, the complex processes of combustion and fusion involve heterogeneous mixtures of particles, variable heating rates and gas compositions. The methods described in this document should be used dependent of the following

    16、aspects and parameters, respectively: repeatability; reproducibility; reliability; time efforts (rapid test methods); cost effectiveness; possibilities for automatic testing. The aim of this document consists in providing a common and successful practice for describing the ash melting behaviour. The

    17、 terms ash fusibility and ash softening are synonyms to ash melting. PD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report describes exemplarily methods for the determination of shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and flow temperature for characterising the ash melting behaviour o

    18、f all solid recovered fuels. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applie

    19、s. prEN 15357:2008, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions prEN 15403, Solid recovered fuels Determination of ash content ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this docum

    20、ent, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357:2008 and the following apply. 3.1 shrinking temperature SST temperature at which shrinking of the test piece occurs, i.e. when the area of the test piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area at 550 C NOTE Shrinking can be due to liberati

    21、on of carbon dioxide, volatile alkali compounds, and/or sintering and partial melting. 3.2 deformation temperature DTtemperature at which the first signs of roundings of the edges due to melting of the test piece occur 3.3 hemisphere temperature HTtemperature at which the test piece forms approximat

    22、ely a hemisphere, i.e. when the height becomes equal to half the base diameter 3.4 flow temperature FTtemperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which as half of the height of the test piece at the hemisphere temperature NOTE Half of the height of t

    23、he test piece is defined due to frequently occurring bubbling effects. This is especially important for automatic image evaluation. This definition is different to other standards. PD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 6 4 Principle A test piece made from the prepared ash is heated up with const

    24、ant rate whereas the deformation is continuously observed. The temperatures at which characteristic changes of the shape occur are recorded. 5 Reagents 5.1 Water, demineralised. 5.2 Dextrin, 100g/l solution: 10 g of dextrin are dissolved in 100 ml water. 5.3 Ethanol, with a purity of greater than 95

    25、 %. 5.4 Carbon dioxide 5.5 Gas mixture, of carbon dioxide (5.4) and carbon monoxide: A volume fraction of 55 % to 65 % carbon monoxide is mixed with a volume fraction of 35 % to 45 % carbon dioxide (5.4). 5.6 Gold wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a gold plate, with a thickness of 0,5 m

    26、m to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,99 % and a certified melting point (e.g. 1 064 C). 5.7 Nickel wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a nickel plate, with a thickness of 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,9 % and a certified melting point (e.g. 1 455 C). NOTE Nickel is used for re

    27、ducing atmosphere. 5.8 Palladium wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a palladium plate, with a thickness of 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,9 % and a certified melting point (e.g. 1 554 C). 6 Apparatus and auxiliary means 6.1 Furnace, electrically heated, capable to: a) reach th

    28、e maximum temperature ( 1 500 C) at which the properties of the ash shall be determined; b) provide and maintain an adequate zone of uniform temperature which to heat the test piece(s) in; c) provide means for heating the test piece(s) at an uniform rate from 550 C upwards; d) maintain the required

    29、test atmosphere around the test piece(s); e) provide means for observing the change of shape of the test piece(s) during heating. 6.2 Dish, consisting of inert material, such as porcelain, silica, platinum, with a depth from 10 mm to 20 mm and of such a size that the sample loading does not exceed 0

    30、,1 g/cm2bottom area. 6.3 Pyrometer, consisting of a platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple. 6.4 Mould, of brass, stainless steel or other suitable material for preparing the test piece. 6.5 Spring pressure hand press for producing the test piece, capable of providing a spring pressure of about 1,5 N

    31、/mm2. 6.6 Support for the test piece, consisting of such an inert material that it neither is distorted nor absorbs the ash during the determination. PD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 7 NOTE Supports of sintered alumina or fine-textured mullite are generally satisfactory but difficulties can

    32、 arise with individual ashes, in which case a non-absorbent interface such as platinum foil can be used between the original support and the test piece. 6.7 Flowmeters, two, for measuring the components of the reducing gases. NOTE If using oxidising gas, it is not necessary to measure the flow rate.

    33、 6.8 Grinding device, such as agate mortar and pestle. 6.9 Test sieve, of aperture 0,075 mm and diameter of at least 100 mm complete with lid and receiver, in accordance with ISO 3310-1. 6.10 Optical instrument, such as a camera or video equipment, for observing the profile of the test piece through

    34、out the determination. 7 Test conditions 7.1 Test atmosphere Oxidising or reducing atmosphere is used depending on the application. Air or carbon dioxide is applied for an oxidising atmosphere. For a reduced atmosphere, the following mixtures shall be passing the test piece at a minimum linear rate

    35、of flow from 100 mm/min to 250 mm/min calculated at ambient temperature: 55 % volume fraction to 65 % volume fraction carbon monoxide with 35 % volume fraction to 45 % volume fraction carbon dioxide, and 45 % volume fraction to 55 % volume fraction hydrogen with 45 % volume fraction to 55 % volume f

    36、raction carbon dioxide. NOTE The flow rate is not very critical, provided that it is sufficient to prevent any leakage of air into the furnace in case of reducing atmosphere. However, the same flow rate level is also recommended for oxidising atmosphere. For open-type furnaces with a larger diameter

    37、, a flow rate of about 400 mm/min could be needed for reducing atmosphere. In all cases it should also be referred to manufacturer instructions. The flow rate for rotameter adjustment can be calculated by multiplying the flow rate, expressed in millimetres per minute, with the inside cross-section a

    38、rea of the furnace tube converting into litres per minute. WARNING When using reduced atmosphere as given above, the gases emerging from the furnace will contain a proportion of carbon monoxide; therefore it is essential to ensure that these gases are vented to the outside atmosphere, preferably by

    39、means of a hood or an efficient fan system. If hydrogen is used in the reducing atmosphere, care shall be taken to prevent an explosion occurring by purging with carbon dioxide both prior to the introduction of the hydrogen and after the hydrogen supply is shut off. 7.2 Shape of test piece The test

    40、piece shall have sharp edges to facilitate observation. The mass of the test piece shall be such as to ensure equalisation of the temperature within the test piece. Hence, dimensions that are too large shall be avoided. Several test piece shapes are used, e.g. cylinders, pyramids, cubes, truncated p

    41、yramids, with dimensions (diameter or height) in the vicinity of 3 mm to 5 mm. Figure 1 illustrates a cylindrical shape test piece at the various characteristic temperatures. PD CEN/TR 15404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 8 Key 1 original sample 2 sample at shrinkage temperature 3 sample at deformation t

    42、emperature 4 sample at hemisphere temperature 5 sample at flow temperature Figure 1 Phases in the ash melting process (original shape = shape and size at 550 C) 8 Methodology The ash shall be prepared in accordance with prEN 15403 (see also prEN 15442 and prEN 15443). A complete incineration of the

    43、sample is of paramount importance. The ash is grinded until the maximum particle size is less than 0,075 mm. None of the ash may be withdrawn during grinding. A sufficient quantity of the prepared ash with a particle size less than 0,075 mm is moistened with water (5.1), dextrin (5.2) or ethanol (5.

    44、3), made into a paste and pressed into a mould. Then allow the test piece to dry. 9 Procedure The test piece is transferred on the support (6.6) into the furnace (6.1) and the composition and flow rate of the atmosphere adjusted. The temperature is raised at a uniform rate within the range of 3 K/mi

    45、n to 10 K/min. A picture is taken at least every 10 K. Then the temperature is raised to a point below the expected deformation temperature such that the temperature interval between the point and the expected deformation temperature exceeds 150 C. If possible, shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and

    46、 flow temperatures are determined. NOTE 1 There are several standard methods, e.g. DIN 51730, to determine the ash melting behaviour of solid fuels and there are minor differences in the methodology and the interpretation of characteristic temperatures that should be noted, especially the shape of t

    47、he test piece and the definition of the characteristic temperatures. NOTE 2 Using a computerised image evaluation, the deformation temperature is reached if the shape factor F has changed by 1,5 %. In order to determine the shape factor, the circumference of a perfect semicircle with the same area a

    48、s the shadow of the test piece is calculated. This idle circumference b is then put in relation to the actual measured circumference a of the test piece. This relation gives the shape factor F = b/a. A schematic of the images obtained by the computerized evaluation is shown in Figure 2. PD CEN/TR 15

    49、404:2010CEN/TR 15404:2010 (E) 9 Key A shadow area of the test piece (actual image) A area of the test piece after computerized image evaluation (equivalent to the shadow area) a actual measured circumference b idle circumference Figure 2 Schematic of the images obtained by the computerised evaluation In the case of some ashes, difficulties can be encountered owing to such effects as blistering, distortion, shrinking, swelling, non-wetting of the support caused by high surface tension and bursting of internal gas bubbles. In such case


    注意事项

    本文(CEN TR 15404-2010 Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures《固体燃料 恢复方法测定灰熔融行为通过使用特征温度》.pdf)为本站会员(proposalcash356)主动上传,麦多课文档分享仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知麦多课文档分享(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!




    关于我们 - 网站声明 - 网站地图 - 资源地图 - 友情链接 - 网站客服 - 联系我们

    copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库(www.mydoc123.com)网站版权所有
    备案/许可证编号:苏ICP备17064731号-1 

    收起
    展开