1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15138:2005Petroleum products and other liquids Guide to flash point testingICS 75.080g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g
2、55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15138:2005This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 December 2005 BSI 30 December 2005ISBN 0 580 46827 5National forewordThis Published Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 15138:2005.T
3、he UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/13, Petroleum testing and terminology, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implem
4、ent international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does
5、not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Published Document does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European
6、 committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2
7、to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15138August 2005ICS 75.080English VersionPe
8、troleum products and other liquids - Guide to flash pointtestingProduits ptroliers et autres liquides - Guide pourdtermination du point dclairMinerallerzeugnisse und andere Flssigkeiten - Leitfadenzur Bestimmung des FlammpunktesThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 14 May 2005. It has been dr
9、awn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slo
10、vakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide fo
11、r CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15138:2005: E2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope .5 2 Outline .5 3 Brief history.5 4 Flash and fire point, and sustained combustion and burning.5 5 Why are flash point tests required.6 6 Which flash point method should be used .6 7 Testing environm
12、ent.9 8 Safety .9 9 Calibration and verification9 10 Test samples .10 11 Instrumentation.11 12 Flash point testing effects12 13 Test results13 Annex A (informative) Major test methods used in specifications and regulations14 Acknowledgements .15 Bibliography.16 CEN/TR 15138:20053 Foreword This Techn
13、ical Report (CEN/TR 15138:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. CEN/TR 15138:20054 Introduction This Technical Report has been writte
14、n under the guidance and with the assistance of the CEN/TC 19 / TC 139 (ISO/TC 28 / TC 35) Joint Working Group for Flash Point Methods and the Energy Institute Flammability Panel ST B 4 with the aim of assisting laboratory managers and technicians, regulators, specification writers and industry in t
15、he use, specification and application of flash point tests for liquids and semi-solids. The work is based on standards produced by the following organizations: CEN/TC 19 “Petroleum products, lubricants and related products“ CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes“ ISO/TC 28 “Petroleum products“ ISO/TC 35 “
16、Paints and varnishes“ ASTM D01.22 “Health and Safety“ ASTM D02.08 B “Flammability Section“ DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung EI ST B 4 Flammability Panel CEN/TR 15138:20055 1 Scope This Technical Report is not intended to be a comprehensive manual on flash point tests and the interpretation of test
17、results, however it covers the key aspects on these subjects. The flash point test can be summarised as a procedure where a test portion is introduced into a temperature controlled test cup and an ignition source is applied to the vapours produced by the test portion to determine if the vapour / air
18、 mixture is flammable or at what temperature the vapour / air mixture is flammable. 2 Outline There are many, slightly different, definitions of flash point, however the following definition is widely used in standard test methods: The lowest temperature of the test portion, corrected to a barometri
19、c pressure of 101,3 kPa, at which the application of an ignition source causes the vapour of the test portion to ignite momentarily and the flame to propagate across the surface of the liquid under the specified conditions of test. It is important to realise that the value of the flash point is not
20、a physical constant but it is the result of a flash point test and is dependent on the apparatus and procedure used. This fact is so important that a general statement similar to the following will be incorporated into all the main flash point methods: Flash point values are not a constant physical-
21、chemical property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between
22、 results obtained by different test methods or with test apparatus different from that specified. Due to the importance of flash point test results for both safety and regulatory purposes, the test method identification should always be included with the test result. In general specific products spe
23、cifications indicate which standard test method should be employed. 3 Brief history The discovery of petroleum and the increased use of flammable distillates in the 19thcentury, for lighting and heating in place of animal and vegetable oils, led to a large number of explosions and other fire related
24、 accidents. Legislation, such as the UK Petroleum Act in 1862 and the German Petroleum Regulations in 1882, quickly spread around the world and led to the development of many types of test instruments. The following list shows the dates when the major surviving instruments were in a form probably re
25、cognisable today: 1870 1880 Abel closed cup, Pensky-Martens closed cup 1910 1920 Tag closed cup, Cleveland open cup 4 Flash and fire point, and sustained combustion and burning The flash point is essentially the lowest temperature of the liquid or semi-solid at which vapours from a test portion comb
26、ine with air to give a flammable mixture and flash when an ignition source is applied. Fire point, combustibility and sustained burning tests all use open cup instruments. CEN/TR 15138:20056 Fire point can be considered as the lowest temperature of the test portion at which vapour combustion and bur
27、ning commences when an ignition source is applied and thereafter is continuous and where the heat produced is self sustaining and supplies enough vapours to combine with air and burn even after the removal of the ignition source. Sustained combustion and burning tests are usually carried out with th
28、e test portion at a fixed temperature and tests whether vapour combustion and burning commences when an ignition source is applied and thereafter is continuous and where the heat produced is self sustaining and supplies enough vapours to combine with air and burn even after the removal of the igniti
29、on source. 5 Why are flash point tests required The fundamental reason for the requirement of flash point measurements is to assess the safety hazard of a liquid or semi-solid with regard to its flammability and then classify the liquid into a group. The lower the flash point temperature the greater
30、 the risk. This classification is then used to warn of a risk and to enable the correct precautions to be taken when using, storing or transporting the liquid. Specifications quote flash point values for quality control purposes as well as for controlling the flammability risk. A change in flash poi
31、nt may indicate the presence of potentially dangerous volatile contaminants or the adulteration of one product by another. 6 Which flash point method should be used 6.1 First considerations Firstly, if a flash point method has been specified in a product specification or regulation, then that method
32、 should be the first choice. If a number of alternative methods are specified then the choice will be influenced by availability and other factors such as sample size requirements, speed of testing or precision. In certain circumstances the choice of the stated referee method may be of special impor
33、tance. Annex A gives an overview of the most common methods and their use in specifications and regulations. When testing specifically for contamination or contaminants, certain test methods and procedures are more appropriate than others. In general an equilibrium test method is recommended for tes
34、ting samples that may contain traces of volatile contaminants. When selecting a flash point method for incorporation into a product specification or regulation, it is important that the product type is included in the scope of the test method and that the temperature range of the product is covered
35、by the test method. If the product is not included in the scope then the test may be unsuitable for the product or the quoted precision does not apply. Where the scope of a test method is general or not suitable it is recommended to contact an appropriate standardization body for advice. When testin
36、g chemicals, mineral products or corrosive materials it is recommended to check that the test cup material is suitable and will not produce flammable gases or be damaged by any possible chemical reaction. 6.2 Open or closed cup There are two general classes of flash point tests: open cup and closed
37、cup: The open cup was initially developed to assess the potential hazards of liquid spillage. In this test a test portion is introduced into a cup that is open at the top. An ignition source is passed horizontally over the surface of the liquid, while the cup and liquid are being heated, to test if
38、the vapours flash. If the test is repeated at increasing test portion temperatures a point may be reached when the test portion continues to burn without further application of the ignition source, this is the fire point. The precision of open cup tests is CEN/TR 15138:20057 somewhat poorer than clo
39、sed cup tests as the vapours produced by heating the test portion are free to escape to the atmosphere and are more affected by local conditions in the laboratory. When open cup tests are made at temperatures above ambient the result is usually higher than a result from a closed cup test due to the
40、reduced concentration of vapours. The closed cup test contains any vapours produced and essentially simulates the situation where a potential source of ignition is accidentally introduced into a container. In this test a test portion is introduced into a cup and a close fitting lid is fitted to the
41、top of the cup. The cup and test portion is heated and apertures are then opened in the lid to allow air into the cup and the ignition source to be dipped into the vapours to test for a flash. The closed cup test predominates in specifications and regulations due to its better precision and ability
42、to detect contaminants. 6.3 Non-equilibrium, equilibrium and rapid equilibrium tests These three types of tests and associated instruments are characterised by the level of temperature stabilisation of the test portion and resultant vapours, and by the test portion size and test time. Test methods s
43、uch as Pensky-Martens, Tag, Abel and Cleveland are referred to as non-equilibrium tests as the test temperature of the test portion is increased during the test and the temperature of the vapours is not the same (not in equilibrium) as the test portion temperature when the ignition source is dipped
44、at regular intervals into the cup. This type of test has the advantage that it produces a definitive flash point result. Under normal circumstances the increasing temperature is not a problem, but when volatile contaminants or components are present the short time between each dip of the ignition so
45、urce, combined with the rate of temperature increase, does not allow enough time for flammable vapours to evolve and this may cause unreliable results. For this reason non-equilibrium tests with lower rates of heating usually perform better than those using higher rates of heating, when volatile con
46、taminants or components are present in the test portion. Equilibrium tests are preferred for liquids and semi-solids containing volatile components or contaminants and for confirmatory purposes in regulations as the sample temperature is constant or is increased at a very slow rate. This allows enou
47、gh time for vapours to build up and for the vapours to be in equilibrium with the test portion before the ignition source is dipped into the cup. The ignition source is dipped in the cup at different test portion temperatures thus resulting in a measurement of a flash point, or the ignition source i
48、s dipped only once to carry out a flash no flash test to check conformance against specifications and flammability criteria. These equilibrium tests use any type of closed cup in a liquid bath and limits the difference of temperature between the test portion and the liquid bath. The liquid bath is s
49、pecified because it gives a very even temperature distribution on the outside of the test cup thus ensuring that hot spots are not present on the cup surface that could cause the localised increase of flammable vapours and thus a low flash point. Unfortunately these procedures take a long time to complete. Rapid equilibrium (small scale) tests are not primarily aimed to give the actual flash point of a test portion. The test is a flash no flash test to determine if the test portions vapours flash at the test temperature. This is useful for checking c
