1、BSI Standards PublicationEnergy Efficiency ObligationSchemes in Europe Overview and analysis of main features and possibilities for harmonisationPD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/CLC/TR16567:2013.The UK participation in its preparation w
2、as entrusted by TechnicalCommittee SEM/1, Energy Management, to Subcommittee SEM/1/2, EnergyEfficiency Saving Calculations and Benchmarking.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
3、provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 81726 7ICS 27.010Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was publis
4、hed under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2013.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/CLC/TR 16567 September 2013 ICS 27.010 Engli
5、sh version Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes in Europe - Overview and analysis of main features and possibilities for harmonisation Mcanismes dobligations en matire defficacit nergtique en Europe - Vue densemble et analyse des principales caractristiques et possibilits dharmonisationEnergieeffizi
6、enzverpflichtungssysteme in Europa - berblick und Analyse der wesentlichen Merkmale und Mglichkeiten zur Harmonisierung This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 5 August 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JWG 2. CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies
7、 and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Po
8、rtugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members. R
9、ef. No. CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 EPD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Executive summary .5 2 Scope 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Summary of the Energy Efficiency Directive 8 4.1 Background 8 4.2 Main measures in the Directive 8 4.3 Summary of
10、article 7 Energy efficiency obligation schemes 9 5 General description of energy efficiency obligations and white certificate schemes 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 The theory of energy efficiency obligations and white certificate systems . 10 5.3 Sources of demand for white certificates 11 5.4 Defining an
11、d allocating targets . 11 5.5 Defining and certifying energy efficiency activities 11 5.6 Monitoring and verifying energy saving activities 12 5.7 Requirements for trading certificates . 12 5.8 Compliance procedures and enforcement . 13 5.9 Market characteristics and operation . 13 6 Four examples o
12、f national schemes . 14 6.1 Description of Italian national scheme . 14 6.2 Description of French national scheme . 15 6.3 Description of Danish national system 16 6.4 Description of British national scheme 17 6.5 Comparison of the different national systems 18 6.6 Overview of other national schemes
13、 in Europe involving energy providers . 23 6.7 Key features for successful energy efficiency obligation schemes . 25 7 Why some countries are hesitant to use energy efficiency obligation and white certificate schemes 26 7.1 General . 26 7.2 Principles of energy efficiency policy in a free energy mar
14、ket 26 7.3 Concerns over energy market impact 27 7.4 Multiple objectives 27 8 Analysing needs and/or possibilities of system harmonisation . 28 9 Conclusions 28 Annex A (informative) Four case studies: experiences and lessons learned 30 A.1 Case study Italy. 30 A.2 Case study France 41 A.3 Case stud
15、y Denmark 54 A.4 Case study Great Britain 59 PD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013) has been prepared by CEN/CLC/JWG 2, Guarantees of origin and energy certificates, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. Attention is drawn to the possibi
16、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 (E) 4 Introduction The purpose of this Technical Report is to describe an
17、d analyse the energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes which are in operation in some of the European countries. Based upon this analysis and taking into consideration the content of the newly approved energy efficiency Directive, a recommendation is given regarding the nee
18、d for a possible harmonisation of the schemes through standard or other guidelines. The interest in energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes has increased very much since the European Commission presented its proposal for an energy efficiency directive on the 22nd of June 2
19、011 and in which it was suggested to make this type of schemes mandatory for all EU Member States. In the Directive, approved by the Parliament on the 11th of September and the Council on the 4th of October 2012, it is stated that each country can either introduce an energy efficiency obligation sch
20、eme or use other policies and schemes in order to obtain the same energy efficiency improvements. Although all Member States can have their own energy efficiency obligation schemes, it could create some benefits if there were some kind of harmonisation of the schemes. Therefore CEN/CENELEC believe i
21、t is important to analyse the existing energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes and come up with a recommendation if there are some advantages for Europe to write a standard or similar guideline. The work with a technical report about white certificate schemes was initiated
22、 by Sector Forum Energy Management (SFEM), which is a CEN/CENELEC group for coordination of standardization work in the field of energy efficiency. SFEM was created in 2006 together with some joint work groups (JWGs) where the actual work to write standards take place. Besides coordinating the exist
23、ing standardization work, SFEM also investigates the need for new standards. In line with this role, SFEM started a work group (WG) about Energy certificates already in 2007 that resulted in the recommendation to form a CEN/CENLEC JWG with the task to write a standard for Guarantees of origin and a
24、technical report about white certificate schemes, see Figure 1. This group started up its work in June 2010 and during the first year the work was totally concentrated on writing the standard for Guarantees of origin but from September 2011 work has been going on with this Technical Report. Figure 1
25、 Organisation chart CEN/CENELEC standardization work in the field of energy efficiency PD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 (E) 5 1 Executive summary This Technical Report describes and analyses different ways to achieve energy efficiency improvement through energy efficiency obligation sch
26、emes and white certificate schemes based on experiences in Europe. It also focuses on if there is a need and/or possibility to harmonise a system in Europe (i.e. to write a standard) as well as to look into why some countries are hesitant to introduce energy efficiency obligation schemes and white c
27、ertificate schemes at the moment. The terms energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes can be somewhat confusing since they are used differently in different countries. There is no harmonised definition for these terms but an explanation of the design of the schemes is includ
28、ed in this Technical Report. It is not only that the terms “energy efficiency”, “obligation schemes” and “white certificate schemes” are not harmonised; these schemes are also used in different ways in the different countries and their purpose of use differs as well. Together with the fact that cond
29、itions for using these schemes and to achieve energy efficiency improvements differ very much from country to country makes it is complicated to harmonise these schemes. Furthermore, it can be noted that the same energy efficiency improvement action in the existing schemes very often is claimed to r
30、esult in different amount of energy savings according to the calculation methods in the different schemes. For this Technical Report mainly data and information about the energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes in four different countries have been used. These countries ar
31、e France, Italy, Denmark and Great Britain. The reason for selecting these countries is that their existing schemes have been in operation for some years (since 2005 in some cases) and information was easily accessible. There have been members of all these countries in the group producing this Techn
32、ical Report and meetings have been arranged in Rome, Paris, Copenhagen and London during 2011 and 2012 in order to collect the best available information and data. However, in some tables a limited amount of information about similar schemes in some other European countries has been included. A gene
33、ral description about the energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes in different countries can be found in Clause 6 and more detailed information regarding the schemes in the four specific countries, including experiences and further development, is included as an annex. The
34、 Directive for energy efficiency states that each country can either introduce an energy efficiency obligation scheme or use other policies and methods in order to obtain the same energy efficiency improvements. It is therefore important for the purpose of this report to describe both the energy eff
35、iciency obligation schemes and the white certificate schemes which are in operation in some European countries taking into consideration also the other instruments used by some of them to reach energy efficiency. Illustrating the different ways to obtain the necessary energy efficiency this Technica
36、l Report gives voice also to objections moved against the energy efficiency obligation schemes. For some countries an EEOS seems to fit in and bring the desired benefits and results. In other countries, both local market conditions and the historical experience of implementing energy efficiency meas
37、ures means that alternative measures to EEOS are preferred to facilitate the achievement of energy efficiency targets. More about this can be found in Clause 7 in this Technical Report. Regardless of which approach the Member State chooses the approach is to be evaluated by the use of the same metho
38、dology (Annex V in the Directive). The most drastic recommendation that could come out of this Technical Report would be to suggest an extensive standard that would require a totally harmonised energy efficiency obligation scheme or white certificate scheme to be used in all EU countries. But since
39、several countries do not want to introduce energy efficiency obligation schemes or white certificate schemes it seems like the need and possibility to create this type of standard is rather small. Moreover, there appears to be little interest for a harmonised system among countries with existing ene
40、rgy efficiency obligation schemes or white certificate schemes as this will entail countries to make extensive changes in their own individually designed schemes. With this combination of very different conditions in different countries, a harmonised energy efficiency obligation schemes or white cer
41、tificate schemes might not be suitable and it could be better to continue with the specially designed systems in each country. Typical for all energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes in operation today is that there is no common way to calculate the achieved energy savings
42、. The result of this is that the same energy efficiency action will be valued differently even after local conditions, i.e. climate, have been excluded. Since the Directive does not specify the calculation methods to be used, this Technical Report concludes as its PD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR
43、16567:2013 (E) 6 recommendation that a harmonisation of the calculation methods used to achieve energy savings could be a possible way forward. 2 Scope This Technical Report, analyses and describes the concept of energy efficiency obligation schemes and white certificate schemes for energy efficienc
44、y improvement, based on the experiences in Europe. It is mainly focussed on the current systems in use in Italy, France, Denmark and Great Britain. These national systems have been in operation long enough to gain some valuable experiences about the systems. Information about these experiences is ea
45、sily accessible. Some additional information about the regional system in Flanders, Belgium, Poland, Ireland, Spain and Portugal have been included in this Technical Report when considered relevant. This Technical Report also analyses the need and/or possibility to harmonise a system in Europe (i.e.
46、 to write a standard). It also includes an analysis of some countries hesitation to introduce white certificate systems. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 energy electricity, fuels, steam, heat, compressed air, and other like me
47、dia Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, energy refers to the various forms of energy, including renewable, which can be purchased, stored, treated, used in equipment or in a process, or recovered. Note 2 to entry: Energy can be defined as the capacity of a system to produce external
48、activity or perform work. SOURCE: EN ISO 50001:2011, definition 3.21 3.2 energy consumption quantity of energy applied SOURCE: EN ISO 50001:2011, definition 3.7 3.3 primary energy energy that has not been subjected to any conversion process Note 1 to entry: Primary energy includes non-renewable ener
49、gy and renewable energy. The sum of primary energy from all energy sources may be called “total primary energy.” SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010, definition 4.1.6 3.4 energy conversion transformation of the physical or chemical form of energy Note 1 to entry: The term “energy transformation” may be used with this meaning. SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010, definition 4.1.7 PD CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013CEN/CLC/TR 16567:2013 (E) 7 3.5 energy service provider natural or legal person who delivers energy services or other energy efficiency improvement measures in a fi
