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20、adienne de normalisation,qui exerce ses activits sous le nom Groupe CSA. TMA trade-mark of the Canadian Standards Association, operating as “CSA Group”National Standard of CanadaPublished in January 2013 by CSA GroupA not-for-profit private sector organization5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississaug
21、a, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N61-800-463-6727 416-747-4044Visit our Online Store at shop.csa.caApproved byStandards Council of CanadaCAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882:13Information technology Programming languages C+Prepared by InternationalOrganizationforStandardization/ International Electrotechnical CommissionRev
22、iewed byCAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882:13 Information technology Programming languages C+CSA/4 2013 CSA Group January 2013CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882:13Information technology Programming languages C+CSA PrefaceStandards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with international standards
23、 development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT), Canadians serve as the Canadian Advisory Committee (CAC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 on Information Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO member body for Canada and s
24、ponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITU-T).This Standard supersedes CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882-04 (adoption of ISO/IEC 14882:200
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31、proposed change; and(d) rationale for the change.Reference numberISO/IEC 14882:2011(E)ISO/IEC 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC14882Third edition2011-09-01Information technology Programming languages C+ Technologies de linformation Langages de programmation C+ ISO/IEC 14882:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTEC
32、TED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs
33、 member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org ii ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reservedCAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882:13ContentsContents iiiList of Tables xiList of Figures xv
34、1 General 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Implementation compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 Structure of this International Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 Syntax notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 The C+ memory model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 The C+ object model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 Program execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.10 Multi-threaded executions and data races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.11 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Lexical conventions 172.1 Separat
38、e translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 Phases of translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3 Character sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . 182.4 Trigraph sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.5 Preprocessing tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.6 Alternative tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.7 Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.8 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.9 Header names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.10 Preprocessing numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.11 Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.12 Keywords . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.13 Operators and punctuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.14 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
43、Basic concepts 343.1 Declarations and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.2 One definition rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.3 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.4 Name lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.5 Program and linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.6 Start and termination . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.7 Storage duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.8 Object lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.9 Types . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.10 Lvalues and rvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78ContentsiiiISO/IEC 14882:2011(E) ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14882:133.11 Alignment . . .
47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Standard conversions 814.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.2 Array-to-pointer conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、. . . . . . . . . . . . 824.3 Function-to-pointer conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.4 Qualification conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.5 Integral promotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.6 Floating point promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.7 Integral conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
