1、High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and designevaluation of AC filtersPart 1: OverviewPD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National forewordT h i s P u b l i s h e d D o c u m e n t i s t h e U K i
2、 m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 -1 : 2 0 1 6 . T o g e t h e r w i t h P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 2 , P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 3 a n d P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 4 : 2 0 16, i t s u p e r s e d es P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 : 2 0 0 9 w h i c h w i l l b e w i t h d r a w n o
3、 n p u b l i c a t i o n o f a l l p a r t s o f t h i s s e r i e s .The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/22, Power electronics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purpo
4、rt to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85252 7ICS 29.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.Th
5、is Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1 Edition 1.0 2016-05 TECHNICAL REPORT High-voltage direct curren
6、t (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 1: Overview INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3401-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication
7、from an authorized distributor. colourinsideThis page deliberately left blank 2 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD 8 INTRODUCTION 10 1 Scope . 11 2 Terms and definitions 11 3 Outline of specifications of AC filters for HVDC systems 12 3.1 General 12 3.2 Boundaries of responsibility 13 3.
8、3 Scope of studies . 14 3.4 Scope of supply 15 3.5 Technical data to be supplied by contractor . 16 3.6 Alternative proposals by bidders 16 4 Permissible distortion limits . 17 4.1 General 17 4.2 Voltage distortion 18 4.2.1 General . 18 4.2.2 Voltage distortion Definitions of performance criteria .
9、18 4.2.3 Voltage distortion Discussion and recommendations 18 4.2.4 Voltage distortion Determination of limits . 19 4.2.5 Voltage distortion Pre-existing harmonic levels 22 4.2.6 Voltage distortion Relaxed limits for short term and infrequent conditions 23 4.2.7 Treatment of interharmonic frequencie
10、s . 23 4.3 Distortion limits pertaining to the HV and EHV network equipment . 24 4.3.1 HVAC transmission system equipment . 24 4.3.2 Harmonic currents in synchronous machines 24 4.3.3 Nearby HVDC installations . 25 4.4 Telephone interference . 25 4.4.1 General . 25 4.4.2 Causes of telephone interfer
11、ence . 25 4.4.3 Telephone interference Definitions of performance criteria. 25 4.4.4 Telephone interference Discussion 25 4.4.5 Telephone interference Determination of limits 26 4.4.6 Telephone interference Pre-existing harmonic levels . 28 4.4.7 Telephone interference Limits for temporary condition
12、s . 28 4.5 Special criteria 29 5 Harmonic generation . 29 5.1 General 29 5.2 Converter harmonic generation . 29 5.2.1 Idealized conditions . 29 5.2.2 Realistic conditions 31 5.3 Calculation methodology . 33 5.3.1 General . 33 5.3.2 Harmonic currents for performance, rating and other calculations . 3
13、3 5.3.3 Combining harmonics from different converter bridges . 34 5.3.4 Consistent sets 34 5.3.5 Harmonic generation for different DC power ranges 35 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 3 5.4 Sensitivity of harmonic generation to various factors . 36 5.4.1 Direct current, control angl
14、e and commutation overlap 36 5.4.2 Effect of asymmetries on characteristic harmonics . 37 5.4.3 Converter equipment parameter tolerances 37 5.4.4 Tap steps 37 5.4.5 Theoretically cancelled harmonics 37 5.4.6 Negative and zero phase sequence voltages 38 5.4.7 Converter transformer saturation 38 5.4.8
15、 Harmonic interaction across the converter 39 5.4.9 Back-to-back systems 39 5.5 Externally generated harmonics 39 6 Filter arrangements . 40 6.1 Overview 40 6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of typical filters . 41 6.3 Classification of filter types . 41 6.4 Tuned filters 42 6.4.1 Single tuned filter
16、s . 42 6.4.2 Double tuned filters 43 6.4.3 Triple tuned filters 45 6.5 Damped filters 46 6.5.1 Single tuned damped filters 46 6.5.2 Double tuned damped filters. 49 6.6 Choice of filters . 49 7 Filter performance calculation 50 7.1 Calculation procedure . 50 7.1.1 General . 50 7.1.2 Input data 51 7.1
17、.3 Methodology 51 7.1.4 Calculation of converter harmonic currents . 52 7.1.5 Selection of filter types and calculation of their impedances . 52 7.1.6 Calculation of performance 53 7.2 Detuning and tolerances . 54 7.2.1 General . 54 7.2.2 Detuning factors 54 7.2.3 Resistance variations . 55 7.2.4 Mo
18、delling . 55 7.3 Network impedance for performance calculations 56 7.3.1 General . 56 7.3.2 Network modelling using impedance envelopes 57 7.3.3 Sector diagram 58 7.3.4 Circle diagram . 59 7.3.5 Discrete polygons 59 7.3.6 Zero-sequence impedance modelling . 61 7.3.7 Detailed modelling of AC network
19、for performance calculation 61 7.4 Outages of filter banks and sub-banks . 62 7.5 Considerations of probability . 63 7.6 Flexibility regarding compliance 65 7.7 Ratings of the harmonic filter equipment 65 8 Filter switching and reactive power management . 65 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 4 IEC TR 62001-1:2
20、016 IEC 2016 8.1 General 65 8.2 Reactive power interchange with AC network 66 8.2.1 General . 66 8.2.2 Impact on reactive compensation and filter equipment 66 8.2.3 Evaluation of reactive power interchange . 67 8.3 HVDC converter reactive power capability . 67 8.4 Bank/sub-bank definitions and sizin
21、g . 67 8.4.1 General . 67 8.4.2 Sizing 68 8.5 Hysteresis in switching points . 70 8.6 Converter Q-V control near switching points 71 8.7 Operation at increased converter control angles 71 8.8 Filter switching sequence and harmonic performance 71 8.9 Demarcation of responsibilities 72 8.9.1 General .
22、 72 8.9.2 Customer . 72 8.9.3 Contractor . 73 9 Customer specified parameters and requirements 73 9.1 General 73 9.2 AC system parameters 73 9.2.1 Voltage 73 9.2.2 Voltage unbalance . 74 9.2.3 Frequency . 74 9.2.4 Short circuit level . 74 9.2.5 Filter switching . 75 9.2.6 Reactive power interchange
23、. 75 9.2.7 System harmonic impedance 75 9.2.8 Zero sequence data . 75 9.2.9 System earthing . 75 9.2.10 Insulation level . 75 9.2.11 Creepage distances . 75 9.2.12 Pre-existing voltage distortion 75 9.3 Harmonic distortion requirements 76 9.3.1 General . 76 9.3.2 Redundancy requirements . 76 9.4 Env
24、ironmental conditions 76 9.4.1 Temperature 76 9.4.2 Pollution 76 9.4.3 Wind 77 9.4.4 Ice and snow loading (if applicable) . 77 9.4.5 Solar radiation . 77 9.4.6 Isokeraunic levels 77 9.4.7 Seismic requirements . 77 9.4.8 Audible noise . 77 9.5 Electrical environment . 77 9.6 Requirements for filter a
25、rrangements and components 78 9.6.1 Filter arrangements 78 9.6.2 Filter capacitors . 78 9.6.3 Test requirements 78 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 5 9.7 Protection of filters 78 9.8 Loss evaluation . 78 9.9 Field measurements and verifications 78 9.10 General requirements . 79 10
26、Future developments . 79 10.1 General 79 10.2 New filter technology . 79 10.2.1 General . 79 10.2.2 Automatically tuned reactors 80 10.2.3 Single-phase redundancy . 82 10.2.4 Fuseless capacitors . 83 10.2.5 Active filters . 84 10.2.6 Compact design . 85 10.2.7 Other filter circuit components 86 10.3
27、 New converter technology . 87 10.3.1 General . 87 10.3.2 Series commutated converters . 87 10.3.3 PWM voltage-sourced converters . 88 10.3.4 Transformerless converters 90 10.3.5 Unit connection 91 10.4 Changing external environment . 91 10.4.1 Increased pre-existing levels of harmonic distortion 91
28、 10.4.2 Developments in communication technology . 92 10.4.3 Changes in structure of the power supply industry 92 10.4.4 Focus on power quality 93 Annex A (informative) Alternative type of procurement procedure . 94 Annex B (informative) Formulae for calculating the characteristic harmonics of a bri
29、dge converter . 95 Annex C (informative) Definition of telephone interference parameters . 97 C.1 General 97 C.2 Criteria according to European practice . 97 C.3 Criteria according to North American practice 98 C.4 Discussion 99 Annex D (informative) Equivalent frequency deviation 101 Annex E (infor
30、mative) Reactive power management . 102 E.1 HVDC converter reactive power capability . 102 E.1.1 Steady-state capability . 102 E.1.2 Temporary capability 104 E.2 Converter Q-V control near switching points 105 E.3 Step-change in voltage on switching a filter . 106 Annex F (informative) Voltage sourc
31、ed converters 108 F.1 General 108 F.2 Two-level converter with PWM 108 F.3 Three-level converter with PWM 110 F.4 Multi-level converters 111 F.5 Modelling of VSCs for harmonic filtering purposes . 112 Bibliography . 114 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 6 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 Figure 1 Idealized current
32、 waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer . 30 Figure 2 Realistic current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer including effect of non-idealities 31 Figure 3 Comparison of harmonic content of current waveform under idealized and realistic conditions 32 Figure 4 Typical variatio
33、n of characteristic harmonic magnitude with direct current 36 Figure 5 Single tuned filter and frequency response . 42 Figure 6 Double tuned filter and frequency response 44 Figure 7 Triple tuned filter and frequency response 45 Figure 8 2nd order damped filter and frequency response 47 Figure 9 3rd
34、 order damped filter and frequency response . 47 Figure 10 C-type filter and frequency response 48 Figure 11 Double tuned damped filter and frequency response . 49 Figure 12 Circuit model for filter calculations 51 Figure 13 AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum impedance . 58 Fig
35、ure 14 AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum resistance 58 Figure 15 AC system impedance general circle diagram, with minimum resistance 59 Figure 16 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 2 to 4 60 Figure 17 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 5 t
36、o 8 . 60 Figure 18 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 9 to 13 . 60 Figure 19 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 14 to 49 . 60 Figure 20 Illustration of basic voltage quality concepts with time/location statistics covering the whole system (adapted from IEC TR 61
37、000-3-6:2008) . 64 Figure 21 Example of range of operation where specifications on harmonic levels are not met for a filter scheme solution . 64 Figure 22 Branch, sub-bank and bank definition . 68 Figure 23 Typical switching sequence 72 Figure 24 Reactive power components . 73 Figure 25 Design princ
38、iple of a self-tuned reactor using DC control current in an orthogonal winding . 81 Figure 26 Control principle for self-tuned filter 81 Figure 27 One method of switching a redundant single phase filter . 83 Figure 28 Fuseless capacitor design compared to internal and external fused units . 84 Figur
39、e 29 Various possible configurations of series compensated HVDC converters 89 Figure 30 Circuit and waveforms of a DC link using voltage-sourced converters . 90 Figure E.1 Capability diagram of a converter under different control strategies . 102 Figure E.2 Converter capability with min= 17, max= 40
40、, min= 5, max= 35 and Udiomax= 1,2UdioN103 Figure E.3 Reactive power absorption of a rectifier as a function of with Udio= UdioN, dx= 9,4 % and dr= 0,2 % 105 Figure E.4 Reactive power absorption of a inverter as a function of with Udio= UdioN, dx= 9,4 % and dr= 0,2 % 105 Figure F.1 Simplified repres
41、entation of a 2-level voltage sourced converter 109 Figure F.2 Single-phase AC output for 2-level converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency 109 Figure F.3 Simplified representation of a 3-level voltage sourced converter 110 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 7 Fi
42、gure F.4 Single-phase AC output for 3-level converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency 110 Figure F.5 Basic operation of the MMC converters . 111 Figure F.6 Phase unit of the modular multi-level converter (MMC) in basic half-bridge, without series-connected IGBTs (left) and the c
43、ascaded two level (CTL) converter with series-connected IGBTs (right) . 113 Figure F.7 Representation of a voltage sourced converter as a harmonic voltage source behind an inductance 113 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 8 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ HIGH-VOLTAGE DI
44、RECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS GUIDANCE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF AC FILTERS Part 1: Overview FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees)
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