1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18589-2:2015Measurement of radioactivityin the environment SoilPart 2: Guidance for the selection ofthe sampling strategy, sampling andpretreatment of samplesBS ISO 18589-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 185
2、89-2:2015. It supersedes BS ISO 18589-2:2007 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication do
3、es not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 83094 5ICS 13.080.01; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fr
4、omlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18589-2:2015 ISO 2015Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 2: Guidance for the se
5、lection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samplesMesurage de la radioactivit dans lenvironnement Sol Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour la slection de la stratgie dchantillonnage, lchantillonnage et le prtraitement des chantillonsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18589-2Second edition201
6、5-02-01Reference numberISO 18589-2:2015(E)BS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electr
7、onic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41
8、 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)Contents PageForeword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions, and symbols 14 Principle 25 Sampling strategy 35.1 General . 35.2 Initi
9、al investigation . 35.3 Types of sampling strategies. 45.4 Selection of the sampling strategy . 46 Sampling plan 56.1 General . 56.2 Selection of sampling areas, units, and points . 56.2.1 General 56.2.2 Sampling for use with a probabilistic strategy 66.2.3 Sampling for use with an orientated strate
10、gy 66.2.4 Selection criteria of sampling areas and sampling units . 66.3 Identification of sampling areas, units, and points 76.4 Selection of field equipment 77 Sampling process . 87.1 General . 87.2 Collection of samples . 87.2.1 Selection of sampling depth versus objectives of the study . 87.2.2
11、Sampling surface soil 117.2.3 Sampling soil profile 117.3 Preparation of the sorted sample 137.4 Identification and packaging of samples . 137.4.1 General. 137.4.2 Sample identification 137.4.3 Sample sheet.137.5 Transport and storage of samples . 148 Pre-treatment of samples.158.1 Principle . 158.2
12、 Laboratory equipment 158.3 Procedure . 159 Determination of the activity deposited onto the soil 169.1 General 169.2 Determination using surface activity data . 169.3 Determination by integration of soil profile activity data 1710 Recorded information 17Annex A (informative) Diagram of the selectio
13、n of the sampling strategy according to the objectives and the radiological characterization of the site and sampling areas 18Annex B (informative) Diagram of the evolution of the sample characteristics from the sampling site to the laboratory 19Annex C (informative) Example of sampling plan for a s
14、ite divided in three sampling areas (A, B, C) .20Annex D (informative) Example of a sampling record for a single/composite sample 21 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)Annex E (informative) Example for a sample record for a soil profile with soil description .22Bib
15、liography .24iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
16、 ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborate
17、s closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval crit
18、eria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
19、 patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name
20、used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
21、Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword Supplementary information .The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the fir
22、st edition (ISO 18589-2:2007), which has been technically revised.ISO 18589 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil: Part 1: General guidelines and definitions Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling
23、and pre-treatment of samples Part 3: Test method for gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma ray spectrometry Part 4: Measurement of plutonium isotopes (plutonium 238 and plutonium 239+240) by alpha spectrometry Part 5: Measurement of strontium 90 Part 6: Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta a
24、ctivities Part 7: In situ measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)IntroductionThis International Standard is published in several parts to be used jointly or separately according to needs. ISO 18589-1 to ISO 18589-6 concerning t
25、he measurements of radioactivity in the soil, have been prepared simultaneously. These parts are complementary and are addressed to those responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soils. The first two parts are general in nature. ISO 18589-3 to ISO 18589-5 deal with radionuclide-speci
26、fic measurements and ISO 18589-6 deals with non-specific measurements of gross alpha or gross beta activities. ISO 18589-7 deals with the measurement of gamma emitters radionuclides using in situ spectrometry.Additional parts can be added to ISO 18589 in the future if the standardization of the meas
27、urement of other radionuclides becomes necessary.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-2:2015Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samples1 ScopeThis part of ISO 18589 specifies the genera
28、l requirements, based on ISO 11074 and ISO/IEC 17025, for all steps in the planning (desk study and area reconnaissance) of the sampling and the preparation of samples for testing. It includes the selection of the sampling strategy, the outline of the sampling plan, the presentation of general sampl
29、ing methods and equipment, as well as the methodology of the pre-treatment of samples adapted to the measurements of the activity of radionuclides in soil.This part of ISO 18589 is addressed to the people responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soil for the purpose of radiation prot
30、ection. It is applicable to soil from gardens, farmland, urban, or industrial sites, as well as soil not affected by human activities.This part of ISO 18589 is applicable to all laboratories regardless of the number of personnel or the range of the testing performed. When a laboratory does not under
31、take one or more of the activities covered by this part of ISO 18589, such as planning, sampling, or testing, the corresponding requirements do not apply.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its appl
32、ication. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 31-9, Quantities and units Part 9: Atomic and nuclear physicsISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyISO/IEC 17025, General requiremen
33、ts for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesISO 18589-1, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 1: General guidelines and definitions3 Terms, definitions, and symbolsFor the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, and symbols given in ISO 31-9, ISO 1858
34、9-1, ISO 11074, and the following apply.e thickness of the layer sampledmsswet mass of the sorted samplemsswet mass of a subsample of the sorted samplemtsdry mass of the test samplea activity per unit of mass of the test sampleASactivity per unit areaINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18589-2:2015(E) ISO 20
35、15 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)S surface area sampled4 PrincipleThe purpose of the measurement of soil radioactivity is to monitor the environmental impact of radioactive substances1and/or to assess the radiological impact on the population.2,3,4,5The main objectives o
36、f the measurement of radionuclides in soil (see ISO 18589-1) are the following: characterization of radioactivity in the environment; routine surveillance of the impact of radioactivity released from nuclear installations or of the general evolution of the radioactivity in a region; investigations o
37、f accidents and incidents; planning and surveillance of remedial action; decommissioning of installations or the disposal of materials.Consequently, measurements of soil radioactivity are performed in a variety of situations, but a generic approach can be described, with the following steps as outli
38、ned in this part of ISO 18589:a) Planning process Selection of the sampling strategyThe selection of the sampling strategy depends on the main objectives and on the results of the initial investigation of the area. The sampling strategy shall lead to the knowledge of the nature, activity concentrati
39、ons, spatial distribution, as well as temporal evolution of the radionuclides, taking into account changes caused by migration, atmospheric conditions, and land/soil use.An initial investigation of the area shall be carried out to determine the sampling strategy.ISO 10381-16gives general guidance on
40、 the selection of the sampling strategy; ISO 10381-47gives specific guidance for the investigation of natural, near-natural, and cultivated areas; and ISO 10381-58deals with the investigation of soil contamination at urban and industrial sites.Details are given in Clause 5 and a scheme for the selec
41、tion of the sampling strategy is given in Annex A.b) Planning process Sampling planThe sampling plan shall be developed according to the sampling strategy selected. It shall specify the selection of sampling areas and units, the sampling pattern, the sampling points, the types of samples, the sampli
42、ng procedures and equipment, as well as the safety requirements for the personnel.Details, such as the selection of sampling areas and the sampling units that result from the type of grid applied to these areas, are given in Clause 6. Definitions of the types of sample are given in ISO 18589-1. The
43、relationship between sample types is given in Annex B.c) Sampling process Collection of samplesThe collection of any soil samples in the field shall conform to the established sampling plan. For sampling of the top layer, a single sample or n increments of a defined thickness are taken from each of
44、the selected sampling units. For vertical sampling of several soil layers, samples are taken at increasing depth vertically below the surface sampling point. A single sample or n increments are collected from the various soil layers with different thicknesses according to the sampling depth. Special
45、 care should be exercised in order not to mix samples from different soil layers.Details are given in Clauses 6 and 7.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-2:2015ISO 18589-2:2015(E)d) Sampling process Preparation of the sorted sampleThe preparation of sorted samples is carried out by the reduct
46、ion of single or composite samples. A sorted sample should be representative of the average value of one or more given soil characteristics. The identification, labelling, packaging, and transport procedures of sorted samples to the laboratory shall guarantee the preservation of their characteristic
47、s.Details are given in 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5.e) Laboratory process Handling of the laboratory sampleAfter arrival at the laboratory, the sorted samples are considered as laboratory samples for storage and further pre-treatment before their analysis.Details are given in Clause 8.f) Laboratory process Pre
48、paration of the test sampleBefore any testing, the laboratory samples are pre-treated by drying, crushing, sieving, and homogenizing to produce test samples in the form of a fine, homogeneous powder. Pre-treatment shall guarantee that the physical and chemical characteristics of the test sample are
49、constant over time, thus rendering the results easier to interpret. Representative subsamples with masses determined by the specifications of the different radioactivity measurements shall be isolated from the test sample as test portions.Details are given in Clause 8.If some material is stored for future investigations or for the purpose of settling a potential dispute, subsamples shall be taken from the laboratory sample or the test sample in an acceptable and documented manner.5 Samp
