1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58ICS 55.180.10Freight containers Electronic seals Part 5: Physical layer BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 1818
2、5-5:2007BS ISO 18185-5:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50834 9Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Complian
3、ce with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 18185-5:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TW/1, Freight containers and swap bodies.
4、A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberISO 18185-5:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO18185-5First edition2007-05-01Freight containers Electronic se
5、als Part 5: Physical layer Conteneurs pour le transport de marchandises Scells lectroniques Partie 5: Couche physique BS ISO 18185-5:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Physical layer for electronic seals 2 4.1 Genera
6、l. 2 4.2 Type A physical layer protocol 3 4.3 Type B physical layer protocol 6 Bibliography . 10 BS ISO 18185-5:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Sta
7、ndards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also
8、take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees
9、 is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibi
10、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18185-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 104, Freight containers, Subcommittee SC 4, Identification and communication. I
11、SO 18185 consists of the following parts, under the general title Freight containers Electronic seals: Part 1: Communication protocol Part 2: Application requirements Part 3: Environmental characteristics Part 4: Data protection Part 5: Physical layer BS ISO 18185-5:2007vIntroduction This part of IS
12、O 18185 defines the physical layer for compliant electronic seals. It has been created to ensure global adoption of ISO 18185, providing a standardized physical layer as developed in the RFID standards of ISO/IEC 18000 and ISO/IEC 24730. BS ISO 18185-5:2007blank1Freight containers Electronic seals P
13、art 5: Physical layer 1 Scope This part of ISO 18185 specifies the air interface between electronic container seals and Reader/Interrogators of those seals. It is to be used in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 18185. This part of ISO 18185 describes the physical layer for supply chain applica
14、tions of RFID for freight containers in accordance with the ISO 18185 series and ISO 17363, since it is expected that the implementation of these standards will face the same international conditions. However, each of these standards has its own unique requirements other than the physical layer. It
15、is expected that RFID Freight Container Identification (as specified in ISO 10374 and ISO 17363), and electronic seals (as specified in the ISO 18185 series) will be able to use the same infrastructure, while recognizing that that there may be requirements for different frequencies for passive devic
16、es as opposed to the active devices identified in this part of ISO 18185. This part of ISO 18185 is applicable to all electronic seals used on freight containers covered by ISO 668, ISO 1496 (parts 1 to 5) and ISO 830 and should, wherever appropriate and practicable, be applied to freight containers
17、 other than those covered by the aforementioned International Standards. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the reference
18、d document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/PAS 17712, Freight containers Mechanical seals ISO 18185-3, Freight containers Electronic seals Part 3: Environmental characteristics ISO/IEC 18000-7:1), Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 7: Parameters fo
19、r active air interface communications at 433 MHz ISO/IEC 19762-1, Information technology Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques Harmonized vocabulary Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC ISO/IEC 19762-3, Information technology Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) t
20、echniques Harmonized vocabulary Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID) ISO/IEC 2382-26, Information technology Vocabulary Part 26: Open systems interconnection ISO/IEC 24730-2:2006, Information technology Real-time locating systems (RTLS) Part 2: 2,4 GHz air interface protocol 1) To be publis
21、hed. (Revision of ISO/IEC 18000-7:2004) BS ISO 18185-5:20072 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17712, ISO/IEC 19762-1, ISO/IEC 19762-3 and the following apply. 3.1 electronic seal eSeal read-only, non-reusable freight container seal con
22、forming to the high security seal defined in ISO 17712 and conforming to ISO 18185 (or revision thereof) that electronically evidences tampering or intrusion through the container doors 3.2 seal identification seal ID unique identification of each manufactured seal incorporating serial number (i.e.
23、Tag ID) and manufacturer ID NOTE The combination is called the seal ID. 3.3 Interrogator identification Interrogator ID code used to identify the source address during every communication session originated by the Interrogator 3.4 physical layer in the Open Systems Interconnection reference model, t
24、he layer that provides the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to establish, maintain and release physical connections for transfer of bits over a transmission medium ISO/IEC 2382-26 3.5 LF transmitter ID code used to identify the LF transmitter 4 Physical layer for electronic s
25、eals 4.1 General The ISO 18185 system consists of the three distinct components: eSeal, LF transmitter, and Reader. The main feature of the system is its dual frequency operation. There are two types of physical layers: type A physical layer is the 433 MHz long-range Link and OOK LF short-range link
26、; type B physical layer is the 2,4 GHz long-range link and FSK short-range link. The eSeal shall support both types of air interfaces. The data link protocols are different for each physical layer. Interrogators and Reader devices may support one or both types of physical layers. The eSeal shall be
27、capable of communicating on two long-range RF links. The protocol for these two links is specified in 4.2.1 and 4.3.1. The e-seal shall also be capable of receiving LF magnetically coupled transmissions as specified in 4.2.2.1 and 4.3.2. Data may be transmitted from the LF transmitter to the eSeal(s
28、) without acknowledgment (one-way link only). BS ISO 18185-5:20073A short-range, low-frequency link between LF transmitter and eSeal(s) is used to localize eSeal(s) inside the magnetically coupled transmitter antenna field of an LF transmitter. Data are transmitted from the LF transmitter to the eSe
29、al(s) without LF acknowledgment. All eSeal(s) in the field of an LF transmitter receive the LF transmitters data simultaneously; i.e. the LF transmitter takes the same amount of time to transmit its data to any number of eSeals. The long range links (433,92 MHz or 2,4 GHz) are used by eSeal(s) to re
30、ply to the Reader with the location (i.e. LF transmitter ID), its own identification (eSeal ID), and eSeal Status data are transmitted from the eSeal(s) to the Reader(s). To avoid collisions during UHF transmission, in type A operation mode, the eSeal operates according to the anti-collision algorit
31、hm specified in 4.2; in type B operation mode, the eSeals do not require an anti-collision protocol. Figure 1 System components 4.2 Type A physical layer protocol 4.2.1 433 MHz long-range link physical layer protocol 4.2.1.1 General The collision arbitration uses a mechanism that allocates tag trans
32、missions into slots within a specified collection round (or so-called window size). The window size parameter indicates the time an Interrogator will listen for tag responses during a current collection round. A collection round consists of a number of slots. Each slot has a duration long enough for
33、 the Interrogator to receive a tag response. The actual duration of a slot is determined by the Interrogator collection command type and is a function of the tag transmission time. The Interrogator initiates a tag collection process by sending a Collection command. Tags receiving a Collection comman
34、d randomly select a slot in which to respond, but do not immediately start transmitting. The number of slots in a current collection round is determined by the required field size based on the type of Collection command. Each Collection command requires a specific type and amount of data to be trans
35、mitted by the tag within a single slot time. Therefore, the size of each slot is determined by the length of time needed for a tag to provide the designated response indicated by the specific command. The number of available slots will be determined by dividing the window size by the time required f
36、or an individual tag response. During the subsequent collision arbitration process, the Interrogator dynamically chooses an optimum window size for the next collection round based on the number of collisions in the round. The number of collisions is a function of the number of tags present within th
37、e Interrogator communication range that participate in the current collection round. BS ISO 18185-5:20074 On receiving a Collection command, tags select a slot in which to respond. The selection is determined by a pseudo-random number generator. When a tag selects a slot number, it will wait for a p
38、seudo-random time delay equal to a time of slot number multiplied by slot delay before it responds. The number of slots is determined by the current window size, indicated through the Interrogator collection command type and a tag transmission time. After the Interrogator has sent the Collection com
39、mand, there are three possible outcomes: a) The Interrogator does not receive a response because either no tag has selected a current slot or the Interrogator did not detect a tag response. Once no tag is detected in any slot, the Interrogator then terminates the current collection round. This proce
40、ss will be repeated for three rounds before the collection process is terminated. b) The Interrogator detects a collision between two or more tag responses. Collisions may be detected either as contention from the multiple transmissions or by detecting an invalid CRC. The Interrogator records the co
41、llision and continues “listening” for a new tag in the subsequent slot. c) The Interrogator receives a tag response without error, i.e. with a valid CRC. The Interrogator records the tag data and continues to listen for a new tag in the subsequent slot. The collection round continues until all slots
42、 within the round have been explored. When the collection round is completed, the Interrogator starts transmitting Sleep commands to all tags collected during the previous collection round. The tags that receive Sleep commands move to “sleep” mode and will not participate in collection in the subseq
43、uent collection rounds. The Interrogator immediately starts the next collection round by transmitting the collection command. This process continues until no more tags are detected during three subsequent collection rounds. ISO 18185-1 defines the communications protocol beyond the physical layer. F
44、igure 2 Collection process example BS ISO 18185-5:200754.2.1.2 Compliance to air interface standards The physical layer of an electronic seal compliant with this part of ISO 18185 shall be in accordance with ISO/IEC 18000-7:, 6.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 6.2.5, 6.3.1 and 6.3.2. 4.2.2 OOK LF physical layer pro
45、tocol 4.2.2.1 General The LF transmitter to eSeal communication utilizes low frequency (123 kHz to 125 kHz) OOK modulation schemes and operates at short range. Data are repeatedly transmitted (or when triggered by the external sensor) from the LF transmitter to the eSeal without acknowledgment. 4.2.
46、2.2 Data modulation and coding 4.2.2.2.1 Data modulation Data transmitted between the LF transmitter and the eSeal utilizes OOK. 4.2.2.2.2 Data encoding Manchester encoding is used for data with the same symbol encoding as defined in 4.2.1.2 for LRL. 4.2.2.2.3 Data rate The data rate is approximatel
47、y 1 600 bps. aPreamble. NOTE The first data bit always starts with transmission from low to high. Figure 3 OOK LF packet structure As each packet sent from the LF transmitter to the eSeal might have a different length, the start of every packet is indicated by a preamble. The end of a packet is indi
48、cated by a final period of at least 1 200 s of continuous “off” modulation transmission (i.e. no transmission) for each packet after the CRC bytes. The preamble is defined as at least eight subsequent pulse intervals of 1 200 s. If multiple packets are sent one after another, a preamble of at least
49、two 1 200 s intervals is used between two subsequent packets. BS ISO 18185-5:20076 4.3 Type B physical layer protocol 4.3.1 2,4 GHz long-range link physical layer protocol The physical layer conforming to this part of ISO 18185 shall be in accordance with subclause 5.5, Table 1 and Clause 6 of ISO/IEC 24730-2:2006 and, with the exception of the location function of ISO/IEC 24730-2, shall be completely compatible with that standard. 4.3.2 2,4 GHz physical link parameters For the
