1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16439:2014Information anddocumentation Methodsand procedures for assessingthe impact of librariesBS ISO 16439:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16439:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted t
2、o TechnicalCommittee IDT/2/15, Library and publishing statistics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication.
3、The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 72925 6ICS 01.140.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31
4、 July 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16439:2014 ISO 2014Information and documentation Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of librariesInformation et documentation Mthodes et procdures pour valuer limpact des bibliothquesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16439Firs
5、t edition2014-04-15Reference numberISO 16439:2014(E)BS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
6、electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel
7、. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Definition and description of
8、 library impact .134.1 General 134.2 Definition of library impact . 134.3 Aspects of library impact 134.4 Effects of library impact . 144.5 Impact planning 174.6 Challenges in assessing impact 184.7 Implementation of impact assessment projects .194.8 Use of impact assessment results 205 Methods for
9、assessing library impact .215.1 General 215.2 Inferred evidence . 215.3 Solicited evidence 215.4 Observed evidence 225.5 Combined methods 225.6 Quantitative and qualitative data . 236 Inferred evidence246.1 General 246.2 Statistics . 246.3 Library performance indicators 256.4 Data from user satisfac
10、tion surveys 277 Solicited evidence .287.1 General 287.2 Impact surveys . 287.3 Interviews and focus groups 377.4 Self-assessment of users 427.5 Collecting anecdotal evidence 448 Observed evidence 468.1 General 468.2 Observation . 478.3 Log analysis . 488.4 Self-recording 488.5 Citation analysis 498
11、.6 Testing the impact on knowledge and skills . 499 Combining methods for assessing library impact 539.1 Combining qualitative and quantitative data 539.2 Examples of combining methods to show library impact 549.3 Advantages and disadvantages of combining methods for impact assessment 5710 Assessing
12、 the economic value of libraries 5710.1 General 5710.2 Calculating the value of library benefits to users .5810.3 Cost-benefit analysis . 6210.4 Economic impact analysis 63Annex A (informative) Examples of impact surveys 65BS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedAnnex B (inf
13、ormative) Choosing a method .71Annex C (informative) Library impact assessment within broader institutional and organisational assessment .75Bibliography .80BS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standa
14、rds bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organ
15、izations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its f
16、urther maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/direc
17、tives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
18、Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related
19、to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 8,
20、Quality Statistics and performance evaluation. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)IntroductionThis International Standard provides guidance to the library community on methods for assessing the impact and value of libraries. It was developed in response to worldwide dema
21、nd for specifications of library impact assessment.The methods described in this International Standard do not reflect all possible methods or evaluation techniques, but are those seen to be most heavily used and that have proved most effective for assessing library impact. This International Standa
22、rd is not intended to exclude the use of assessment methods not specified in it.There are many different types of libraries, with different tasks and populations, having a range of unique characteristics (structure, funding, governance, etc.), and affected by a number of situational factors. Since t
23、here is such a wide variation around the world, it is important to understand that not all methods described in this International Standard are useful to all libraries.Annex A of this International Standard gives examples of impact surveys. Annex B recommends a choice of methods for different purpos
24、es. Annex C describes the case that library impact is assessed within broader institutional and organisational assessment. vi ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16439:2014Information and documentation Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of libraries1 ScopeThis International Standard defi
25、nes terms for impact assessment of libraries and specifies methods for such assessment for the purpose of strategic planning and internal quality management of libraries; to facilitate comparison of library impact over time and between libraries of similar type and mission; to promote the libraries
26、role and value for learning and research, education and culture, social and economic life; to support political decisions on levels of service and strategic goals for libraries.This International Standard considers the impact of libraries on individuals, institutions and society. It is applicable to
27、 all types of libraries in all countries. However, not all methods described in this International Standard apply to all libraries. Limitations on the applicability of individual methods are specified in the descriptions.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normati
28、vely referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 2789:2013, Information and documentation International librar
29、y statistics3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1academic librarylibrary whose primary function is to cover the information needs of learning and researchNote 1 to entry: This includes libraries of institutions of higher education and
30、 general research libraries.SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.13.2accessability of reaching and using a service or facility3.3accessibilityease of reaching and using a service or facilitySOURCE: ISO 11620:, definition 3.2INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16439:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS I
31、SO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)3.4active userregistered user who has visited or made use of library facilities or services during the reporting periodNote 1 to entry: This may include the use of electronic library services, if it is possible to identify electronic use and virtual visits of the indivi
32、dual user, or if data can be assessed with the help of surveys.SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.33.5anecdotal evidenceevidence based on anecdotes or stories, obtained informally from personal observations and experiences, not collected systematically nor empirically tested3.6availabilitydegree
33、to which content, documents, facilities or services are actually provided by the library at the time required by usersSOURCE: ISO 11620:, definition 3.63.7benefithelpful or good effect, or something intended to help3.8consumer surplusamount of money by which consumers value a product or service abov
34、e its purchase price3.9contingent valuationmethod for assessing the economic value of non-profit institutions and projects of public utility depending on potential users responses to survey questions, such as what they are willing to pay for a benefit or feature (willingness-to-pay), or what they wo
35、uld accept as financial compensation if a certain benefit or feature was missing (willingness-to-accept)Note 1 to entry: The method is used in environmental protection and health care, for example.3.10cost-benefit analysisprocess that assesses the relation between the cost of an undertaking and the
36、monetary value of the resulting benefits3.11critical incident techniqueCITresearch approach designed to draw out the most memorable aspects of an event or experienceNote 1 to entry: Critical incident technique can be used in individual interviews, focus group interviews or surveys.3.12cultural econo
37、micsbranch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes and explores cultural phenomena as economic factors3.13data miningcomputational process that identifies patterns by analysing quantitative data from different perspectives and dimensions, categorizing it, and summarizi
38、ng potential relationships and impacts2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)3.14digitizationprocess of converting analogue materials into digital formNote 1 to entry: Digitization for document supply from the library collection to a user or institution is excludedNote 2 to
39、entry: Digitization for preservation purposes is included.Note 3 to entry: Mass digitization is included.Note 4 to entry: Purchase of electronic copies for replacing print copies is excluded.SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.153.15documentrecorded information or material object, which can be tre
40、ated as a unit in a documentation processNote 1 to entry: Documents can differ in form and characteristics.SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 1.2.023.16economic impacteffect of a policy, institution, programme, or event on the economy of a given areaNote 1 to entry: Economic impact is usually measure
41、d in terms of changes in economic growth (output or value added) and associated changes in jobs (employment) and income (wages).3.17effectivenessmeasure of the degree to which given objectives are achievedNote 1 to entry: An activity is effective if it maximizes the results it was established to pro
42、duce.SOURCE: ISO 11620:, definition 3.153.18efficiencymeasure of the utilization of resources to realize a given objectiveNote 1 to entry: An activity is efficient if it minimizes the use of resources, or produces better performance with the same resources.SOURCE: ISO 11620:, definition 3.163.19elec
43、tronic collectionall resources in electronic form in the library collection, whether born digital or digitizedNote 1 to entry: The electronic collection includes databases, electronic serials, and digital documents. Free Internet resources which have been catalogued by the library in its online cata
44、logue or a database should be counted separately.Note 2 to entry: The resources can be networked, installed on stand-alone workstations or stored on physical carriers.SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.21 ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16439:2014ISO 16439:2014(E)3.20electronic servicelibrar
45、y service delivered via electronic means, whether from local servers or provided via networksNote 1 to entry: Electronic library services include the online catalogue, the library website, the electronic collection, electronic document delivery (mediated), electronic reference service, user training
46、 by electronic means, services for mobile devices, services for interactive use (including services on social networks), and Internet access offered via the library.Note 2 to entry: This does not include booking physical services (e.g. rooms or library tours) by electronic means.SOURCE: ISO 2789:201
47、3, definition 2.2.83.21evaluationprocess of estimating the effectiveness, efficiency, utility and relevance of a service or facilitySOURCE: ISO 11620:, definition 3.193.22eventpre-arranged activity with cultural, educational, social, political, scholarly, or other intent, e.g. exhibitions, author vi
48、sits, literary discussions, workshops, etc.Note 1 to entry: Only events arranged by the library on its own or in partnership with other institutions are included, whether inside or outside the library premises. Events inside the library premises organized by institutions outside the library without
49、the librarys cooperation are excluded.Note 2 to entry: User training lessons and library tours are excluded.Note 3 to entry: Ongoing programmes are included. Each session of a programme is counted as one event.Note 4 to entry: Virtual events are included.SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.93.23focus group interviewfocus group discussiongroup interview in the form of a moderated discussion among a small number of selected individuals on topics introduced by the moderator3.24goaldesired state of affairs t
