1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16000-18:2011Indoor airPart 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by impactionIncorporating corrigendum December 2011BS ISO 16000-18:2011National forewordThis B
2、ritish Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16000-18:2011, incorporating corrigendum December 2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secr
3、etary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012.ISBN 978 0 580 77688 5 ICS 13.040.20 Compliance with a British Standard cann
4、ot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2011.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected30 April 2012 Implementation of ISO corrigendum December 2011: Clause 9.1
5、, paragraph 2 amended.BRITISH STANDARDReference numberISO 16000-18:2011(E)ISO 201INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO16000-18First edition2011-07-01Indoor air Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by impaction Air intrieur Partie 18: Dtection et dnombrement des moisissures chantillonnage par i
6、mpaction 2COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
7、 address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E) ISO 2012 iiiC
8、ontents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Principle3 5 Apparatus and materials.3 5.1 Sampling device 3 5.2 Equipment for preparing the agar plates 4 5.3 Equipment for sampling .4 6 Culture media and reagents .4 6.1 General .4 6.2 Dichloran
9、18 % glycerol agar (DG18) 4 6.3 Malt-extract agar5 6.4 Potato dextrose agar.5 7 Measurement procedure.6 7.1 Preparation for sampling6 7.2 Sampling.6 7.3 Sampling period and sampling volume 7 7.4 Transport and storage 7 8 Sampling efficiency and method limitations 8 9 Calibration of flow rate, functi
10、on control and maintenance of the sampling system 8 9.1 Calibration of flow rate8 9.2 Function control and maintenance of the sampling system 8 10 Quality assurance8 11 Sampling protocol .9 12 Performance characteristics 9 Annex A (informative) Technical description of a suitable one stage sieve imp
11、actor 10 Annex B (informative) Sampling protocol 11 Annex C (informative) Sample exchange for method validation12 Bibliography20 BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)iv ISO 201Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodie
12、s (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
13、 governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO
14、/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the m
15、ember bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16000-18 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality
16、, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air. ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Indoor air: Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber ai
17、r Active sampling method Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde Diffusive sampling method Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TAsorbent, thermal desorption and ga
18、s-chromatography using MS or MS-FID Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from bu
19、ilding products and furnishing Emission test chamber method Part 10: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission test cell method Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing
20、Sampling, storage of samples and preparation of test specimens Part 12: Sampling strategy for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)2 ISO
21、 2 v Part 13: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) Collection on sorbent-backed filters Part 14: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphe
22、nyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) Extraction, clean-up and analysis by high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry Part 15: Sampling strategy for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Part 16: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by filtration Part 1
23、7: Detection and enumeration of moulds Culture-based method Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by impaction Part 19: Sampling strategy for moulds Part 23: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of formaldehyde concentrations by sorptive building materials Part 24: Performan
24、ce test for evaluating the reduction of volatile organic compound (except formaldehyde) concentrations by sorptive building materials Part 25: Determination of the emission of semi-volatile organic compounds by building products Micro-chamber method Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO2
25、) Part 28: Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers The following parts are under preparation: Part 21: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling from materials Part 27: Determination of settled fibrous dust on surfaces by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) (dir
26、ect method) Part 29: Test methods for VOC detectors Part 30: Sensory testing of indoor air Part 31: Measurement of flame retardants and plasticizers based on organophosphorus compounds Phosphoric acid ester Part 32: Investigation of constructions on pollutants and other injurious factors Inspections
27、 BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)012vi ISO 201Introduction Mould is a common name for filamentous fungi from different taxonomic groups (Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes, and their anamorphic states formerly known as deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti). They form a mycelium and spores by which the
28、y become visible macroscopically. Most spores are in the size range 2 m to 10 m, while some go up to 30 m and a very few up to 100 m. Spores of some mould genera are small and become airborne very easily (e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium) while others are bigger or embedded in a slime matrix (e.g. Stac
29、hybotrys, Fusarium) and are less mobile. Mould spores are widely distributed in the outdoor environment and, therefore, occur in varying concentrations also indoors. Growth of moulds in indoor environments, however, should be considered a hygienic problem because epidemiological studies have reveale
30、d that dampness or mould growth in homes and health impairment of occupants are closely related. Harmonized methods for sampling, detection, and enumeration of moulds, including standards for sampling strategies, are important for comparative assessment of mould problems indoors. Before taking any m
31、easurements, a measurement strategy is required. This part of ISO 16000 specifies a method for active short-term sampling (1 min to 10 min) whereas an active long-term sampling procedure (0,5 h to several hours) is specified in ISO 16000-16. This part of ISO 16000 is based on parts of VDI 4300 Part
32、10:200811. ISO 1601789and ISO 1221937also focus on volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements. BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)2INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 201 1Indoor air Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by impaction WARNING The use of this part of ISO 16000 may invo
33、lve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This part of ISO 16000 does not purport to address any safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this part of ISO 16000 to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of re
34、gulatory limitations prior to use. 1 Scope This part of ISO 16000 specifies requirements for short-term (1 min to 10 min) sampling of moulds in indoor air by impaction on solid agar media. Following the instructions given, a sample is obtained for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation in acc
35、ordance with ISO 16000-17. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
36、 ISO 16000-16, Indoor air Part 16: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by filtration ISO 16000-17, Indoor air Part 17: Detection and enumeration of moulds Culture-based method 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aerodynami
37、c diameter diameter of a sphere of density 1 g/cm3with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force in calm air as the particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity NOTE Adapted from ISO 7708:19952, 2.2. 3.2 biological preservation efficiency capac
38、ity of the sampler to maintain the viability of the airborne microorganisms during collection and also to keep the microbial products intact EN 13098:200010 2ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)BS ISO 16000-18:2011 2 ISO 2013.3 colony forming unit cfu unit by which the culturable number of microorganisms is expres
39、sed EN 13098:200010 NOTE 1 One colony can originate from one microorganism, from aggregates of many microorganisms as well as from one or many microorganisms attached to a particle. NOTE 2 The number of colonies can depend on the cultivation conditions. 3.4 cut-off value particle size (aerodynamic d
40、iameter) for which the sampling efficiency is 50 % 3.5 cultivation air quality growing of microorganisms on culture media ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.6 3.6 filamentous fungus fungus growing in the form of filaments of cells known as hyphae NOTE 1 Hyphae aggregated in bundles are called mycelia. NOTE 2 The
41、term “filamentous fungi” differentiates fungi with hyphal growth from yeasts. ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.3 3.7 impaction sampling of particles suspended in air by inertial separation on a solid surface NOTE For the purposes of this part of ISO 16000, the solid surface consists of agar (see also ISO 4225:1
42、9941, 3.18, 3.49 which define devices using impaction). 3.8 microorganism any microbial entity, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of transferring of genetic material, or entities that have lost these properties EN 13098:200010 3.9 mould air quality filamentous fungi from several ta
43、xonomic groups, namely Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes, and their anamorphic states formerly known as deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti NOTE Moulds form different types of spores depending on the taxonomic group they belong to, namely conidiospores (conidia), sporangiospores or ascospores. ISO 16000-16:20
44、08, 3.9 3.10 physical sampling efficiency capacity of the sampler to collect particles with specific sizes suspended in air EN 13098:200010 BS ISO 16000-18:2011 ISO 16000-18:2011 (E)2 ISO 20 33.11 total sampling efficiency product of the physical sampling efficiency and the biological preservation e
45、fficiency EN 13098:200010 4 Principle A defined quantity of air is drawn through an impactor containing one or several plates with agar medium (DG18 and malt-extract or potato dextrose agar). The particles in the air stream impact on the agar surface due to their inertia when the direction of the ai
46、r flow is diverted to bypass the solid surface. Airborne moulds are thereby collected directly on the agar plates. The sampling device is constructed for the detection of particles in the size of mould spores (1 m to 30 m). To achieve this, the cut-off value of the sampling device should preferably
47、be 1 m or less and shall not be more than 2 m. NOTE Two main types of impactors are widely used and available commercially: a) slit samplers; b) sieve samplers. In slit samplers, air is drawn through a narrow slit and particles are impacted on to a rotating agar plate. In sieve samplers, air is draw
48、n through a perforated plate (sieve) with holes of a defined diameter and particles are impacted on to an agar plate fixed below. Sieve samplers can be operated as stacks with different sieves leading to different flow velocities to collect different particle size fractions (i.e. the six-stage Ander
49、sen impactor). Validation data are only provided for single stage sieve impactors (mainly with 300 holes) using agar plates with a diameter of 9 cm. After sampling, the mould spores are cultivated and resulting colonies counted in accordance with the procedure specified in ISO 16000-17. 5 Apparatus and materials 5.1 Sampling device A detailed example of a single stage sieve impactor is given in Annex A.
