1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 12794:2000 ICS 13.
2、280; 17.240 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Nuclear energy Radiation protection Individual thermoluminescence dosemeters for extremities and eyesThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published u
3、nder the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 April 2000 BSI 04-2000 ISBN 0 580 34678 1 BS ISO 12794:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 12794:2000 and implements it as the UK nati
4、onal standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentation, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, o
5、r proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement
6、 international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport t
7、o include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover,
8、 the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 20, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Referencenumber ISO12794:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12794 Firstedition 2000-02-15 Nuclearene
9、rgyRadiationprotection Individualthermoluminescencedosemeters forextremitiesandeyes nergie nuclaire Radioprotection Dosimtres individuels thermoluminescents pour yeux et extrmitsISO12794:2000(E) ii ISO12794:2000(E)iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normativereferences1 3 Termsan
10、ddefinitions.2 4 Units5 5 Generaltestconditions.5 6 Classification5 7 Performancerequirements.6 8 Testmethods6 9 Certification6 AnnexA(normative)Referenceconditionsandstandardtestconditions.8 AnnexB(normative)Confidencelimits9 AnnexC(normative)Performancetests.12 AnnexD(informative)Determinationofev
11、aluatedvalue(E)fromreadoutvalues17 AnnexE(normative)Conversiontables.18 Bibliography20ISO12794:2000(E) iv Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughI
12、SOtechnical committees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnic
13、al Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting. PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresa
14、pprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote. AttentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisInternationalStandardmaybethesubjectof patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights. InternationalStandardISO12794waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC85, N
15、uclear energy, SubcommitteeSC2, Radiation protection. AnnexesA,B,CandEformintegralpartsofthisInternationalStandard.AnnexDisforinformationonly.ISO12794:2000(E)v Introduction ThisInternationalStandardcoversdosemetersfortheeyesandextremities. ThisInternationalStandardshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithIEC106
16、6:1991,whichprovidesperformancecriteria andtestsforthermoluminescencedosimetrysystemscomprisingdosemeters,readers,ancillaryequipmentand proceduresforconvertinglightoutputintodose,fortheassessmentofpersonalorenvironmentaldoses,excluding extremities.Italsoincludessomeperformancecriteriaandtestsforther
17、moluminescentdetectorsand thermoluminescencedosemeterswherethesecriteriaaredependentonthecharacteristicsofthedetectorsor dosemeters,ratherthanonthereaderorancillaryequipment. ThisdocumentwaspreparedanddiscussedbyWorkingGroupWG7ofISO/TC85/SC2followingmeetingsinParis inAugust1988,MoscowinMay1990,Romei
18、nNovember1991,ParisinSeptember1992andLondoninOctober 1993.ItwasnotpossibletoholdaWGmeetinginOrlandoinOctober1994.ThedraftwasagreedattheParis meetingbytheworkinggroupandcirculatedbytheSecretariatasaCD.AfurthermeetingoftheWGwasheldin LondoninOctoberbuttheresultsofthevotingwerenotavailableuntillaterinO
19、ctober1995.Afinaldraft,dated February1996,incorporatingcommentsincludedwiththeresultsofthevotingonISO/CD(WI7-2.07.1),circulated asISO/TC85/SC2N475inOctober1993,wasagreedbyWG7inAlbuquerqueinFebruary1996.Thecomments followingcirculationasaDISwereconsideredbytheWGinJuly1997andthisInternationalStandardi
20、ncorporates thosethatwereagreedupon.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO12794:2000(E)1 NuclearenergyRadiationprotectionIndividual thermoluminescencedosemetersforextremitiesandeyes 1 Scope ThisInternationalStandardprovidesperformancecriteriaandtestsfordeterminingtheperformanceof thermoluminescencedosemetersinte
21、ndedtobeusedforthemeasurementofradiationdosestotheeyesand extremities(fingers,andlimbsdefinedashands,feet,forearmsincludingtheelbow,andlegincludingthepatella),for photonsfrom15keVto3MeVandbetaradiationfrom0,5MeVto3MeV.Itisconditionalupontheuseofan appropriatereader,proceduresandancillaryequipment.It
22、doesnotcoverinformationaccessanddataprocessing. ThisInternationalStandardprovidesperformancecriteriaandtestsfordosemetersintendedtomeasuredose equivalentatdepthsof7mg cm 2 intissueforfingersandlimbsand300mg cm 2 intissuefortheeyes,including provisionfortheuseofdosemetersonlyintendedtobeusedonce.Appr
23、opriatephantomsanddoseconversion coefficientsarerecommendedbutothersarenotprecluded. Inallcases,performanceisassessedunderlaboratoryconditionswhichmaynotadequatelysimulateconditions actuallyexperiencedinpersonaldosimetry.Forexample,itmaybenecessarytosterilizedosemetersformedical applications.Therefo
24、re,cautionisnecessaryinapplyingtheresultsoftheseperformancetestsinrealsituations. 2 Normativereferences Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsof thisInternationalStandard.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyofthese
25、publicationsdonotapply.However,partiestoagreementsbasedonthisInternationalStandardareencouragedto investigatethepossibilityofapplyingthemostrecenteditionsofthenormativedocumentsindicatedbelow.For undatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthenormativedocumentreferredtoapplies.MembersofISOandIEC maintainreg
26、istersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards. ISO31-0, Quantities and units Part 0: General principles. ISO4037-3:1999, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 3: Calibration of area and per
27、sonal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence. ISO6980, Reference beta radiations for calibrating dosimeters and dose-rate meters and for determining their response as a function of beta-radiation energy.ISO12794:2000(E) 2 3 Termsanddefinitions
28、 ForthepurposesofthisInternationalStandard,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply. 3.1 thermoluminescence radiothermoluminescence TL propertyexhibitedbycertainsubstances,namelytheemissionoflight,whichisinducedbyirradiationwhenthe substanceisheatedfollowingexposuretoionizingradiationorUV NOTE Strictlys
29、peaking,thepropertyshouldbereferredtoasradiothermoluminescencebuttheabbreviatedform thermoluminescenceisusuallyadequate. 3.2 thermoluminescentmaterial TLmaterial substanceexhibitingthepropertyofthermoluminescence 3.3 thermoluminescentdetector TLdetector detector specifiedquantityofTLmaterial,orsuchm
30、aterialincorporatedwithothernon-luminescentmaterialintoamatrix, definedbymass,shapeorsizeorthemassofmaterialincorporatedinthematrix 3.4 thermoluminescencedosemeter TLdosemeter dosemeter passivedeviceconsistingofoneormoreTLdetectors,whichmaybemountedinaholder(appropriateforthe application),intendedto
31、bewornonapersonsbodyorplacedinanenvironmentforthepurposeofassessingthe appropriatedoseequivalentatornearthepositionwhereitisplaced 3.5 thermoluminescencedosemeterreader TLdosemeterreader reader instrumentusedtomeasurethelightemittedfromthedetectorsinthermoluminescencedosemeters;consisting essentiall
32、yofaheatingdevice,alightmeasuringdeviceandtheassociatedelectronics 3.6 extremitydosemeter dosemeterintendedtobewornonthefingerorlimbhands,feet,forearms(includingtheelbow),andlowerleg (includingthepatella) 3.7 eyedosemeter dosemeterintendedtobewornneartheeyes 3.8 reusabledosemeter dosemeterintendedto
33、bereused,asopposedtoonewhichisdiscardedafteroneuse NOTE Whenusedinmedicalapplications,appropriatesterilizationmaybenecessary.ISO12794:2000(E)3 3.9 batch collectionofdetectorsordosemetersmadetoaspecificdesignorspecificationandintendedtohavethesame performancecharacteristicsconsistentwiththeappropriat
34、erequirementsofthisInternationalStandard 3.10 annealing controlledthermaltreatmentofaTLdetectorordosemeterduringorafterreadout 3.11 prepare reprepare normaltreatmentofannealing,cleaning,etc.whichthedosemetersordetectorsareintendedtobesubjectedtoin routineuse 3.12 readout processofmeasuringthelightem
35、ittedwhenaTLdetectorordosemeterisheatedinareader 3.13 readoutvalue m valueindicatedbyaTLreaderafterreadoutofadetectorordosemeterexpressedinunitsappropriatetotheoutputof thereader 3.14 absorbeddose D quotientof d bydm,where d isthemeanenergyimpartedbyionizingradiationtomatterofmassdm. NOTE1 Thespecia
36、lnamefortheunitofabsorbeddoseisgray(Gy)(1Gy=1Jkg 1 ).InthisInternationalStandard, absorbeddosesarespecifiedingrays. NOTE2 Wherenoambiguitycouldbeinvolved,theterm“absorbeddose“isabbreviatedto“dose“. 3.15 kerma K quotientof d tr bydm,where d tr isthesumoftheinitialkineticenergiesofallthechargedionisin
37、gparticlesliberated byunchargedionisingparticlesinamatterofmassdm: K m d d tr (1) 3.16 doseequivalent H productofD and Q at the point of interest in tissue where D is the absorbed dose and Q is the quality factor: H=DQ (2) NOTE TheSIunitforbothDand H is joule per kilogram. The special name for the u
38、nit of dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv):(1Sv=1Jkg 1 ). 3.17 personaldoseequivalent H p (d) doseequivalentinsofttissuebelowaspecifiedpointatanappropriatedepth,d NOTE TheSIunitforH p (d)isjouleperkilogram.Thespecialnameissievert(Sv)(1Sv=1Jkg 1 ).ISO12794:2000(E) 4 3.18 evaluatedvalue E valueofthequ
39、antityofinterest,e.g.doseequivalent(H),airkerma(K a ),free-airabsorbeddose(D a ), obtainedby applyingtheappropriateevaluationcoefficient(F e )tothereadoutvalueorvalues(m) 3.19 conventionaltruevalue C bestestimateofthequantityofinterestatthepointofmeasurement,e.g.doseequivalent(H),airkerma(K a ),free
40、air absorbeddose(D a ) NOTE Thisisawidelyusedstandardizedterm.ThegrammaticallycorrectsynonymoustermisConventionallyTrueValue. 3.20 evaluationcoefficient F e factororcollectionoffactors,usedtoconvertthereadoutvalueorvalues,(m),totheevaluatedvalueofinterest(E) NOTE SeeannexD. 3.21 residue readoutsigna
41、lobtainedonsecondreadoutfollowingnormalreadoutandannealingprocedures 3.22 conversioncoefficient F e factorusedtoconvertfromairkermaorfree-airabsorbeddosetothecorrespondingdoseequivalent NOTE SeeannexE. 3.23 response R quotientoftheevaluatedvalueandtheconventionaltruevalue 3.24 self-irradiation irrad
42、iationofthedetectorduetoradioactiveimpuritiescontainedinthedosemeterholderordetectoritself 3.25 phantom specifiedobjectusedtosimulatethehumanbodyorpartsthereofintermsofitsscatteringandabsorptionofgamma andbetaradiation 3.26 zeropoint evaluatedvalueofanunirradiatedprepareddosemeterordetector 3.27 rea
43、derbackground evaluatedvaluecorrespondingtothereadoutvalueobtainedwhenthereaderisoperatedwithoutadosemeteror detectorISO12794:2000(E)5 3.28 detectionthreshold minimumevaluatedvalueforwhichthereadoutvalueofadosemeterordetectorissignificantlydifferent(atthe95% confidencelevel)fromthereadoutvalueofanun
44、irradiateddosemeterordetector 3.29 coefficientofvariation ratioofthestandarddeviations,tothearithmeticmean xofasetofnmeasurementsx i ;isgvenbythefollowing formula: V s xxn xx i i n 11 1 2 1 bg (3) NOTE Thecoefficientofvariationisgenerallyexpressedasapercentage. 3.30 qualitycontroltest QT testperform
45、edonanumberofTLdosemetersystems,dosemeters,detectorsorreadersofagivenbatchorproduction designedtoassurequalitycontrol 3.31 typetest TT testperformedonasmallnumberofTLdosemetersystems,dosemeters,detectorsorreadersofagiventypeto determineperformancecharacteristicsofthattype 4Units ThisInternationalSta
46、ndardusesSIunits.However,thefollowingunitsofpracticalimportancefortimeareusedwhere necessary:days(d),hours(h).ThesymbolsoftheunitsfortimeareprovidedbyInternationalStandardISO31-0. 5 Generaltestconditions 5.1 Testconditions Alltestsshallbeperformedunderstandardtestconditions(seeannexA),exceptwhereoth
47、erwisestated.Dosemeters shallbesubjectedtotheannealing,cleaningandhandlingprocedureswhicharerecommendedbythemanufacturer. 5.2 Referenceradiations TheradiationsourcesspecifiedinISO4037-3andISO6980shallbeusedinthemannerspecifiedinthese InternationalStandards.Photonreferenceradiationsusedforspectralres
48、ponsechecksshallbechosenfromthefirst columnoftable1in4ofISO4037-3:1999.Sourcesforbetaspectralresponseshallbe 90 Sr(inequilibriumwith 90 Y), 106 Ru,and 204 Tl.Calibrationofradiationsourcesshallbetraceabletotheappropriateprimaryorsecondarystandards. 6 Classification Dosemetersshallbeclassifiedinaccord
49、ancewithbodypartandthedepthofintendedmeasurement,andmethodof intendeduseviz: F(7)D Finger,depth7mg cm 2 ,disposable; F(7)R Finger,depth7mg cm 2 ,re-usable;ISO12794:2000(E) 6 L(7)D Limb,depth7mg cm 2 ,disposable; L(7)R Limb,depth7mg cm 2 ,re-usable; E(300)D Eye,depth300mg cm 2 ,disposable; E(300)R Eye,depth300mg cm 2 ,re-usable. 7 Performancerequirements TheperformancecriteriaarelistedinTable1.Alldosevalueslistedinthecriteriaareintermsofdoseequivalentto tissueattheintendeddepthofmeasurement * .Theconventionaltru
