1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11614:1999 ICS 43.
2、060.01 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Reciprocating internal combustion compression-ignition engines Apparatus for measurement of the opacity and for determination of the light absorption coefficient of exhaust gasThis British Standard, having been prepared un
3、der the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 December 1999 BSI 12-1999 ISBN 0 580 35698 1 BS ISO 11614:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Sta
4、ndard reproduces verbatim ISO 11614:1999 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/22, Engines for road vehicles, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible in
5、ternational/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to
6、its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards El
7、ectronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This
8、 document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 57 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.A Referencenumbe r ISO11614:1999 (E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11614 Firstedi
9、tion 19990901 Reciprocatinginternalcombustion compressionignitionenginesApparatus formeasurementoftheopacityandfor determinationofthelightabsorption coefficientofexhaustgas Moteursalternatifscombustioninterneallumageparcompression Appareillagedemesuredelopacitetducoefficientdabsorptiondela lumiredes
10、gazdchappementISO11614:1999(E) ii Contents Page 1Scop e1 2Normativereference s1 3Termsanddefinition s.2 4Symbolsandunit s.2 5Principlesofopacimeter s.4 5.1Genera l.4 5.2Measurementoflightabsorptioncoefficien t.4 5.3Conditionsofus e.4 6Specificationsofopacimetersformeasurementofopacity ) .4 6.1Basics
11、pecification s.4 6.2Designspecification s.5 7Additionalspecificationsforopacimeterstomeasurelightabsorptioncoefficien t6 7.1Referencecondition s.6 7.2Basicspecification s.7 7.3Designspecification s.7 8Measurementoftransient s.9 8.1Genera l.9 8.2Responseoftheopacimete r10 8.3Physicaldelaytime, t d 12
12、 8.4Temperatureresponsetime, t T 12 8.5Peakhol d.12 9Specificationsconcerningspecificopacimetersandtheirinstallatio n.13 9.1Samplingopacimeter 13 ISO11614:1999(E) iii 9.2Inlinefullflowopacimete r13 9.3Endofline(plumetype)opacimete r14 9.4Opacimeterforfreeaccelerationtest s.14 9.5Installationofopacim
13、etersinatestbenc h15 10Dataandinstrumentationrequirement s.16 10.1Exampleofspecificrequirementsforsamplingopacimeter s.16 10.2Datarequirement s17 10.3Instrumentationrequirement s.18 11Verificationofopacimetertype s19 11.1Introductio n.19 11.2Generalconsideration s19 11.3Datasuppliedbythemanufacture
14、r19 11.4Instrumentationrequirement s.19 11.5Instrumentverificatio n.19 11.6Verificationofbasicanddesignspecification s21 11.7Verificationofresponsecharacteristic s32 12Verificationofinserviceconformityofopacimeter s.36 12.1Genera l36 12.2Itemstobechecke d.36 12.3Detailsofcheck s36 13Testreportofopac
15、imeterverificatio n.37 13.1Dataandinstrumentationrequirement s37 13.2Resultsofinstrumentverificatio n37 13.3Resultsofverificationofbasicanddesignspecifications (see11.6 ).39 13.4Verificationofresponsecharacteristics (see11.7 ).47 AnnexA (normative) Determinationofthe“meanexhaustgastemperature“inthes
16、mokechamber ofanairscavangedopacimete r54 Bibliography57ISO11614:1999(E) iv Foreword ISO (the InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnical committees.Eachm
17、emberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnongovernmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnical Commission(IEC)onallmatter
18、sofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtoth ememberbodiesforvoting. PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememb
19、erbodiescastingavote. InternationalStandardISO 11614waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC 22, Roadvehicles, Subcommittee SC5, Enginetests,incollaborationwithISO/TC70, InternalCombustionengines,SubcommitteeSC8, Exhaust gasemisssionmeasurement . ThisfirsteditionofISO11614cancelsandreplacesISO3173:1974
20、andISO/TR4011:1976,whichhavebeen technicallyrevised. AnnexAformsanormativepartofthisInternationalStandard.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO11614:1999(E) 1 Reciprocatinginternalcombustioncompressionignition enginesApparatusformeasurementoftheopacityandfor determinationofthelightabsorptioncoefficientofexhaust
21、gas 1Scope ThisInternationalStandardspecifiesthegeneralrequirementsandtheinstallationofapparatus for measurement of theopacityandforthedeterminationofthelightabsorptioncoefficientofexhaustgasfrominternalcombustion engines(notconfinedtoroadvehicles).Theseinstrumentsareknownasopacimeters. 2Normativere
22、ferences Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionsthat,throughreferenceinthistext ,constituteprovisionsof thisInternationalStandard.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisions of,anyofthese publications do not apply. However,partiestoagreementsbasedonthisInternationalStandardareencou
23、ragedto investigatethepossibilityofapplyingthemostrecenteditionso fthenormativedocumentsindicatedbelow.For undatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthenormativedocumentreferredtoapplies.MembersofIECandISO maintainregistersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards. ISO2602:1980, Statisticalinterpretationofte
24、stresultsEstimationofthemeanConfidenceinterval. IEC6006821:1990, EnvironmentaltestingPart2:TestsTestA:Cold . IEC6006822:1974, EnvironmentaltestingPart2:TestsTestB:Dryheat . IEC6006823:1969, EnvironmentaltestingPart2:TestsTestCa:Dampheat,steadystate . IEC60068231:1969, EnvironmentaltestingPart2:Tests
25、TestEc:Dropandtopple,primarilyforequipment typespecimens . IEC6100042:1995, Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)Part4:Testingandmeasurementtechniques Section2:ElectrostaticdischargeimmunitytestBasicEMCpublication. IEC6100043:1998, Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)Part4:Testingandmeasurementtechniques S
26、ection3:Radiated,radiofrequency,electromagneticfieldimmunitytest. IEC6100044:1995, Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)Part4:Testingandmeasurementtechniques Section4:Electricalfasttransient/burstimmunitytestBasicEMCpublication. CIES001:1986, Colorimetricilluminants.ISO11614:1999(E) 2 3Termsanddefinitio
27、ns ForthepurposesofthisInternationalStandard,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply. 3.1 transmittance, t fractionoflighttransmittedfromasourcethroughasmokeobscuredpath,whichreachesth eobserverorthe apparatusreceiver t= I I 0 100 3.2 opacity, N fractionoflighttransmittedfromasourcethroughasmokeobscure
28、dpath,whichispreventedfromreachingthe observerortheinstrumentreceiver N=100 t 3.3 effectiveopticalpathlength, L A length of a light beam between theemitterandthereceiverthatisintersectedbytheexhaustgasstream,corrected asnecessaryfornonuniformityduetodensitygradientsandfringeeffect 3.4 lightabsorptio
29、ncoefficient, k coefficientdefinedbytheBeerLambertlaw: k L = - 1 100 A ln t or k L N = - - 1 1 100 A ln (1) NOTE 1 Toobtainproperco mparisonswhen makingopacity measurements,thete mperatureandpressureprevailingi n the measuringzone mustbeknownsincetheyinfluencetheligh t absorption coefficient k.Refer
30、enceconditionsforthesearegiven in7.1. NOTE2 Theterm“lightabsorptioncoefficient“isincommonuseandis,therefore,usedinthisInternationalStandard. However,“lightextinctioncoefficient“wouldbe moreaccurateter minology.Asused,thetwotermsdescribeexactlythesame parameter. 4Symbolsandunits ForthepurposesofthisI
31、nternationalStandard,thesymbolsandunitsgiveninTable1apply. Table1 Symbol Unit Description Subclauseconcerned d a dm 3 /s Minimumgasflow. 11.7.1 d b dm 3 /s Maximumgasflow. 11.7.1 d c dm 3 /s Averagegasflow. 11.7.1 I cd Lightintensityatthereceiverwhenthemeasuringzoneisfilledwith exhaustgas. 3.1 I 0 c
32、d Lightintensityatthereceiverwhenthemeasuringzoneisfilledwith cleanair. 3.1 ISO11614:1999(E) 3 Table1 (concluded) Symbol Unit Description Subclauseconcerned k m 1 Lightabsorptioncoefficient. a 3.4;7 k t m 1 Lightabsorptioncoefficientattemperature T. 7.3.7 k cor m 1 Observedlightabsorptioncoefficient
33、correctedforpressureand temperature. 7.3.7 k obs m 1 Observedlightabsorptioncoefficient. 7.3.7 L A mm Effectiveopticalpathlength. 3.3;7.3.4 L A1 mm Effectiveopticalpathlengthofanopacimeterundertest. 11.6.5 L A2 mm Effectiveopticalpathlengthofaknownopacimeter. 11.6.5 l m mm Distancespecifyingtheposit
34、ioninanopacimeterwherethe temperatureequalsthemeantemperatureinthemeasuringzone. 11.6.1.1 l m1 , l m2 mm Distancesrelatingtoseparatehalvesofcertaindesignsof opacimeters. 11.6.1.1 l 1 , l 2 mm Lengthoftube. annexA N % Opacity. 3.2;clause6 N 1 % Readingofanopacimeterundertest. 11.6.5 N 2 % Readingofak
35、nownormodifiedopacimeter. 11.6.5 P 1 , P 2 dm 3 /s Extremepositionsofdivisionofflowallowedbythemanufacturer. 11.6.12 p atm kPa Atmosphericpressure. 7.3.6 p obs kPa Observedstaticpressureinthemeasuringzone. 7.3.6 Q dm 3 /s Rateofflowofgasthroughthemeasuringzone. 8.2.1 T K Temperature. T a K Meantempe
36、raturewithminimumsampletemperatureandminimum sampleflow. 11.6.1.1 T b K Meantemperaturewithmaximumsampletemperatureandmaximum sampleflow. 11.6.1.1 T g K Temperatureofthemixture. annexA T m K Meantemperatureofthegasbeingmeasured. 7.3.7 T s K Scavengeairtemperature. annexA T 1 K Meantemperatureinanopa
37、cimeterundertest. 11.6.5 T 2 K Meantemperatureofknownormodifiedopacimeter. 11.6.5 t s Time. t p s Physicalresponsetime. 8.2.1 t e s Electricalresponsetime. 8.2.2 t o s Overallresponsetime. 8.2.3 t d s Physicaldelaytime 8.3 t T s Temperatureresponsetime. 8.4 V dm 3 Volumeofthemeasuringzone. 8.2.1 v m
38、/s Gasvelocity. v a m/s Velocityatminimumgasflow. 11.7.1 v b m/s Velocityatmaximumgasflow. 11.7.1 v c m/s Velocityoftheaveragegasflow. 11.7.1 t % Transmittance. 3.1 aInprinciple, kwith5/5,means k cor ,unlessotherwisespecified.ISO11614:1999(E) 4 5Principlesofopacimeters 5.1General Theprincipleofmeasu
39、rementisthatlightistransmittedthroughaspecificlengtho f the smoke to be measured and thatproportionofincidentlightwhichreachesareceiver(forexample :a photoelectric device) is used to assess the lightobscurationpropertiesofthemedium. The“lengthofsmoke“overwhichtheopacityismeasureddependso nthedesignf
40、ortheapparatus.Itmaybethe wholeexhaustinanexhaustpipe(inlinefullflowopacimeter,seeFigure1)orinfreeair(endoflin e or plume type fullflowopacimeter,seeFigure2)oritmaybeasampleoftheexhaustextractedfro mtheexhaustpipe(sampling orpartialflowopacimeter). Itisimportanttonotethatopacityreadingsshallalwaysbe
41、specifiedforagive nopticalpathlength.Thevaluehas nomeaningwithouttheopticalpathlengthforthemeasurement. Alsothetemperatureofthegascansignificantlyaffectthereading,andthisshouldbenotedwhenitisnot controlledormeasuredbytheapparatus. 5.2Measurementoflightabsorptioncoefficient Notallapparatuswhichmeasur
42、eopacityaresuitableforth emeasurementofthelightabsorptioncoefficient,since theeffectiveopticalpathlengthisnotalwaysreadilydetermined,and,withendofline(orplumetype)apparatus, theexhaustgasbeingmeasuredisnotinanonreflectiveenclosure.Thegeneralspecificationtobeme tbyall opacimetersisgiveninclause6.Thea
43、dditionalspecificationsforopacimeterstomeasurelightabsorption coefficientaregiveninclause7. 5.3Conditionsofuse Opacimetersmaybeusedinthefollowingtestconditions: steadystateconditions(SS):theengineisrunatconstantspeedandload,understabilizedconditions; transientconditions(TC):theengineisrunundertransi
44、entconditionsofspeedand/orload. Additionalspecificationsforopacimetersformeasurementsundertransientconditionsaregiveninclause8. 6Specificationsofopacimetersformeasurementofopacity 1) 6.1Basicspecifications 6.1.1 Thegastobemeasuredmaybecontainedwithintheexhaus tpipe(inlin eapparatus)orasafreeplumeat theexitfromtheexhaustpipe(endoflineapparatus)or withinaspeciallydesignedchamber(takingfullorpartial flowoftheexhaustgas
