1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 1936:2006Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosityThe European Standard EN 1936:2006 has the status of a British StandardICS 73.020; 91.100.15g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51
2、g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 1936:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the
3、 Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978-0-580-49919-7National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 1936:2006. It supersedes BS EN 1936:1999 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted t
4、o Technical Committee B/545, Natural stone.A list of organizations represented on B/545 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Sta
5、ndard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1936December 2006ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 Supersedes
6、EN 1936:1999 English VersionNatural stone test methods - Determination of real density andapparent density, and of total and open porosityMthodes dessai des pierres naturelles - Dterminationdes masses volumiques relle et apparente et desporosits ouvertes et totalePrfverfahren fr Naturstein - Bestimm
7、ung der Reindichte,der Rohdichte, der offenen Porositt und derGesamtporosittThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 October 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national
8、 standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any othe
9、r language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Franc
10、e,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMU
11、NGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1936:2006: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 2 C
12、ontents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Principle4 4 Terms and definitions .4 5 Symbols 5 6 Apparatus .5 7 Preparation of the specimens 6 7.1 Sampling.6 7.2 Test specimens6 7.3 Drying the specimens .6 8 Test procedure.6 8.1 Open porosity and apparent density .6 8.2 Real density7
13、8.2.1 General7 8.2.2 Method A (pycnometer).7 8.2.3 Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) 7 9 Expression of results 8 9.1 General8 9.2 Apparent density8 9.3 Open porosity.8 9.4 Real density8 9.5 Total porosity .9 10 Test report 9 Bibliography 11 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00
14、:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1936:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication o
15、f an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007. This document supersedes EN 1936:1999. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countri
16、es are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, S
17、witzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 4 1 Scope This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent density, and open and total porosity of natural stone. 2 Normative
18、references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12670:2001, Natural stone - Termino
19、logy ISO 3507, Laboratory glassware - Pyknometers 3 Principle After drying to constant mass, the apparent density and open porosity are determined by vacuum assisted water absorption and submerged weighing of specimens. The real density and total porosity require the specimen to be pulverised. 4 Ter
20、ms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12670:2001 and the following apply. 4.1 apparent density (b) ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume 4.2 apparent volume volume limited by the external surface of the specimen, incl
21、uding any voids 4.3 volume of the solid part difference between the apparent volume of the specimen and the volume of the voids (open and closed pores) 4.4 real density (r) ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and the volume of its solid part 4.5 open porosity ratio (as a percentage) between t
22、he volume of the open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen 4.6 total porosity ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of pores (open and closed) and the apparent volume of the specimen Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006
23、 (E) 5 5 Symbols mdmass of the dry specimen, in grams; mhmass of the specimen immersed in water, in grams; msmass of the saturated specimen, in grams; memass of the specimen ground and dried (for the tests using the pycnometer or the volumenometer), in grams; m1mass of the pycnometer filled with wat
24、er and the ground specimen, in grams; m2mass of the pycnometer filled with water, in grams; Vbapparent volume of the specimen, in millilitres; Vovolume of open pores of the specimen, in millilitres; Vsvolume of liquid displaced by the mass me(volumenometer test); bapparent density of the specimen, i
25、n kilograms per cubic metre; r real density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre; rhdensity of water, in kilograms per cubic metre; poopen porosity of the specimen, as a percentage; p total porosity of the specimen, as a percentage. 6 Apparatus 6.1 A ventilated oven which maintain a tempera
26、ture (70 5) C. 6.2 An evacuation vessel which can maintain a pressure of (2,0 0,7) kPa = (15 5) mm Hg and allow gradual immersion of the contained specimens. 6.3 A weighing instrument which has an accuracy of at least 0,01% of the mass to be weighed, also capable of weighing the specimen in water. 6
27、.4 A linear measuring device with an accuracy of at least 0,01%. 6.5 An ISO 3507 type 3 pycnometer having a nominal capacity of 50 ml. 6.6 A La Chatelier type volumenometer consisting of a flat-bottomed flask with a tube graduated form 0 ml to 24 ml in 0,1 ml graduations. 6.7 A sieve with a 0,063 mm
28、 mesh. 6.8 A dessicator with dessicant. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 6 7 Preparation of the specimens 7.1 Sampling The sampling is not the responsibility of the test laboratory except where specially requested. At least s
29、ix test specimens, representing the body of stone being tested, shall be selected. 7.2 Test specimens The test specimens can be in the form of a cylinder, cube or prism and must be obtained by diamond sawing or coring. Their apparent volume calculated by geometrical measurements shall be at least 60
30、 ml. In addition, the surface area to volume ratio shall be between 0,08 mm-1 and 0,20 mm-1. NOTE The specimens prepared for the determination of compressive or flexural strength can be used if they satisfy the surface/volume ratio. 7.3 Drying the specimens The specimens are to be dried at (70 5)C u
31、ntil a constant mass is reached. This is assumed to have been attained when the difference between the two weighings at an interval of (24 2) h is not greater than 0,1 % of the mass of the specimen. The specimens shall be kept in a desiccator until room temperature is attained. 8 Test procedure 8.1
32、Open porosity and apparent density Weigh each specimen (md), then put the specimens into an evacuation vessel and lower the pressure gradually to (2,0 0,7) kPa = (15 5) mm Hg. Maintain this pressure for (2 0,2) h in order to eliminate the air contained in the open pores of the specimens. Slowly intr
33、oduce demineralized water at (20 5)C into the vessel (the rate at which the water rises shall be such that the specimens are completely immersed not less than 15 min). Maintain the pressure of (2,0 0,7) kPa during the introduction of water. When all the specimens are immersed, return the vessel to a
34、tmospheric pressure and leave the specimens under water for another (24 2) h at atmospheric pressure. Then, for each specimen: weigh the specimen under water and record the mass in water: mh; quickly wipe the specimen with a dampened cloth and determine the mass msof the specimen saturated with wate
35、r. In the case of natural stones with visible cavities (e.g. travertine) the apparent volume is determined by measuring the dimensions of the specimens to the nearest millimetre. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 7 8.2 Real de
36、nsity 8.2.1 General For dense, low porosity stones the differences between real and apparent density, as well as between open porosity and total porosity, are very small. For these stones it is sufficient to determine the apparent density and the open porosity. In the case of control of supplies the
37、 decision of omitting the determination of the real density shall be agreed upon between the parties. In this standard two methods for the determination of real density are described: the pycnometer (Method A) and Le Chatelier volumenometer (Method B). The first method is more accurate but requires
38、a very long time. It is suggested to use it as a reference method in the case of controversy. Le Chatelier volumenometer method is less accurate but easy and rapid to perform and can be used for production control. 8.2.2 Method A (pycnometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent d
39、ensity and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately until the particles pass through a sieve with 0,063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to a constant mass and set apart a mass, meof approximately 10 g weighed to an accuracy of 0,01 g. Introduce deionized water into the pycnometer and fill
40、it approximately half full. Then add the weighed mass, meof the ground specimen into the pycnometer and agitate the liquid to disperse the solid matter. NOTE Ethanol or other liquids may be used instead of deionised water if required. In this case the density of this liquid shall be used instead of
41、density of water in the equation (5a). Expose the pycnometer to a vacuum of (2 0,7) kPa until no further air bubbles rise, then fill it with deionized water almost to the top and leave the solid matter to settle until the water above the residue is clear. Next, carefully top up the pycnometer with d
42、eionized water, fit the ground stopper and gently wipe off any overflow. Finally weigh the pycnometer to an accuracy of 0,01 g (m1). Empty and wash the pycnometer, fill it with deionized water only and weigh to an accuracy of 0,01 g (m2). Before each weighing make sure that the ambient air temperatu
43、re is (20 5)C. 8.2.3 Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent density and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately until the particles will pass through a sieve with 0,063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to a constant mass and set apart
44、a mass, meof approximately 50 g weighed to an accuracy of 0,1 g. Introduce deionized water into Le Chatelier volumenometer until the level is up to the 0 graduation. Then add the weighed mass, meof the ground specimen into the volumenometer in five fractions in the region of 10 g each, ensuring that
45、 all of each fraction falls into the liquid. After the introduction of each fraction, agitate the liquid to disperse the ground specimen. Read the graduations to determine the Vsin millilitres to the nearest 0,1 ml of liquid displaced by the mass me of the ground specimen. Before taking the initial
46、at 0 level and final volume readings make sure that the ambient air temperature is (20 5)C. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 8 9 Expression of results 9.1 General The volume of the open pores (in millilitres) is expressed by
47、the equation: 1000mmVrhds0= (1) The apparent volume (in millilitres) is expressed by the equation: 1000mmVrhhsb= (2) which can alternatively be calculated on the basis of the dimensions of the specimen. NOTE The value of the density of water rhat 20 C is 998 kg/m3 apparent density. 9.2 Apparent dens
48、ity The apparent density (in kilograms per cubic metre) is expressed by the ratio of the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume, by the equation: rhhsdbmmm= (3) 9.3 Open porosity The open porosity is expressed by the ratio (as a percentage) of the volume of open pores and the apparent volu
49、me of the specimen, by the equation: 100mmmmphsdso= (4) 9.4 Real density The real density (in kilograms per cubic metre) is expressed by the ratio of the mass of the ground dry specimen meto the volume of liquid displaced by the mass me, by the equations: Method A (pycnometer) rh1e2ermmmm+= (5a)Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) rhserVm= (5b) Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Mon Mar 19 06:28:32 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 1936:2006 (E) 9 9.5 Total porosity The total porosity is expres
