1、DD ISO/TS16281:2008ICS 21.100.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWDRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTRolling bearings Methods forcalculating themodified referencerating life foruniversally loadedbearingsIncorporating corrigendum April 2009National forewordThis Draft for Develop
2、ment is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 16281:2008, incorporating corrigendum April 2009.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis,
3、 so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for its conversion to an international standard. A review of
4、this publication will be initiated two years after its publication by the international organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies rec
5、eived by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee
6、at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/7, Rolling bearings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport t
7、o include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.DD ISO/TS 16281:2008This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strate
8、gy Committee on 31 December 2008 BSI 2010Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 31 January 2010 Implementation of ISO corrigendum April 2009; Equations (19) and (20) amendedISBN 978 0 580 68522 4DD ISO/TS 16281:2008Reference numberISO/TS 16281:2008(E)ISO 2008TECHNICAL SPECIFICAT
9、ION ISO/TS16281First edition2008-06-15Rolling bearings Methods for calculating the modified reference rating life for universally loaded bearings Roulements Mthodes de calcul de la dure nominale de rfrence corrige pour les roulements chargs universellement DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) PD
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13、T PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
14、ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) ISO 2009 iiiContents Page Forewor
15、d iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Symbols 2 4 Ball bearings 4 4.1 General4 4.2 Bearing internal load distribution 4 4.3 Rating life7 5 Roller bearings.9 5.1 General9 5.2 Bearing internal load distribution 10 5.3 Rating life13 6 Reference geometries .17 6.1 General17 6.2 Cylind
16、rical roller bearings and needle roller bearings 17 6.3 Deep groove ball bearings, angular contact ball bearings and separable ball bearings.17 6.4 Spherical roller bearings.17 6.5 Tapered roller bearings.17 6.6 Self-aligning ball bearings 18 6.7 Thrust cylindrical roller bearings and thrust needle
17、roller bearings .18 6.8 Thrust ball bearings and thrust angular contact ball bearings 18 6.9 Thrust spherical roller bearings.18 6.10 Thrust tapered roller bearings18 7 Life modification factor, aISO, and contamination factor, eC.18 7.1 General18 7.2 Life modification factor .18 7.3 Contamination fa
18、ctor.19 8 Fatigue load limit and basic dynamic load rating 19 Bibliography 20 DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) iv ISO 2009Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Intern
19、ational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with
20、 ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical
21、 committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances
22、, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publicati
23、on if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
24、a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it m
25、ust either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 16281 was prepared b
26、y Technical Committee ISO/TC 4, Rolling bearings, Subcommittee SC 8, Load ratings and life. DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) ISO 2009 vIntroduction Since publication of ISO 281 in 1990, additional knowledge has been gained regarding the influence on bearing life of contamination, lubrication
27、, internal stresses from mounting, stresses from hardening, fatigue load limit of the material etc. It is therefore now possible to consider factors that have influence on bearing life in a more complete way in the life calculation. ISO 281:2007 provides a method to put into practice this new knowle
28、dge in a consistent way when the modified rating life of a bearing is calculated. However, the calculation method given in ISO 281:2007 cannot consider the influence on life of tilted or misaligned bearings and the influence on life of bearing clearance during operation. This Technical Specification
29、 describes an advanced calculation method, which also makes it possible to consider these influences, and by that in addition provide the most accurate support for estimating the influence of contamination and other factors. DD ISO/TS 16281:2008DD ISO/TS 16281:2008TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 1628
30、1:2008(E)1Rolling bearings Methods for calculating the modified reference rating life for universally loaded bearings 1 Scope This Technical Specification contains recommendations for the calculation of the modified reference rating life taking into consideration lubrication, contamination and fatig
31、ue load limit of the bearing material, as well as tilting or misalignment, operating clearance of the bearing and internal load distribution on rolling elements. The calculation method provided in this Technical Specification covers influencing parameters additional to those described in ISO 281. Th
32、e directions and limitations given in ISO 281 apply to this Technical Specification. The calculation methods pertain to the fatigue life of the bearings. Other mechanisms of failure, like wear or microspalling (gray staining), lie outside the scope of this Technical Specification. This Technical Spe
33、cification applies to tilted single-row radial ball bearings, subjected to radial and axial load and with radial clearance and tilt taken into account. It also applies to tilted single-row roller bearings, subjected to pure radial load and with radial clearance, edge stress and tilt taken into accou
34、nt. References to methods for the analysis of the internal load distribution under general load are given. The analysis of internal load distribution and modified reference rating life for multi-row bearings or bearings of a more complex geometry can be derived from the equations given in this Techn
35、ical Specification. For these bearings, the load distribution for each individual row has to be considered. This Technical Specification is primarily intended to be used for computer programs and together with ISO 281 covers the information needed for life calculations. For accurate life calculation
36、s under the operating conditions specified above, it is recommended that either this Technical Specification or advanced computer calculations provided by bearing manufacturers, for determining the dynamic equivalent reference load under different loading conditions, be used. 2 Normative references
37、The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 281:2007, Rolling bearings Dynamic load ratin
38、gs and rating life ISO 15241, Rolling bearings Symbols for quantities ISO 2009DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) 2 3 Symbols For the purpose of this document, the symbols given in ISO 15241 and the following apply. See also the terms and definitions in ISO 281:2007, Clause 3 and other definiti
39、ons in ISO 281. A distance, in millimetres, between raceway groove curvature centres of ball bearing having no clearance and having an initial contact angle aISOlife modification factor, based on a systems approach of life calculation a1life modification factor for reliability Cabasic dynamic axial
40、load rating, in newtons Crbasic dynamic radial load rating, in newtons Cufatigue load limit, in newtons cLspring constant, in newtons per millimetre to the power of 10/9, of a rolling element with line contact cPspring constant, in newtons per millimetre to the power of 3/2, of a rolling element wit
41、h point contact csspring constant, in newtons per millimetre to the power of 8/9, of a roller lamina Dpwpitch diameter, in millimetres, of ball or roller set Dwnominal ball diameter, in millimetres Dweroller diameter, in millimetres, applicable in the calculation of load ratings E modulus of elastic
42、ity, in megapascals 1)E() complete elliptic integral of the second kind e subscript for outer ring or housing washer eCcontamination factor F() relative curvature difference Fabearing axial load (axial component of actual bearing load), in newtons Frbearing radial load (radial component of actual be
43、aring load), in newtons f j,k stress correction function for consideration of edge load i subscript for inner ring or shaft washer i number of rows of rolling elements K() complete elliptic integral of the first kind Lnmrmodified reference rating life, in million revolutions Lweeffective roller leng
44、th, in millimetres, applicable in the calculation of load ratings L10rbasic reference rating life, in million revolutions Mzmoment, in newton millimetres, acting on tilted bearing 1) 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 ISO 2009DD ISO/TS 16281:2008ISO/TS 16281:2008(E) 3nsnumber of laminae Pref,adynamic equivalent refere
45、nce axial load, in newtons Pref,rdynamic equivalent reference radial load, in newtons P(x) profile function, in millimetres pHecontact stress, in megapascals, at the contact of outer ring and rolling element pHicontact stress, in megapascals, at the contact of inner ring and rolling element Pksdynam
46、ic equivalent load, in newtons, of a bearing lamina k Q rolling element load, in newtons Qcerolling element load, in newtons, for the basic dynamic load rating of outer ring or housing washer Qcirolling element load, in newtons, for the basic dynamic load rating of inner ring or shaft washer Qeedyna
47、mic equivalent rolling element load, in newtons, on outer ring or housing washer Qeidynamic equivalent rolling element load, in newtons, on inner ring or shaft washer Qjrolling element load, in newtons, of rolling element j qcebasic dynamic load rating, in newtons, of a bearing lamina at the outer r
48、ing or housing washer contact qcibasic dynamic load rating, in newtons, of a bearing lamina at the inner ring or shaft washer contact qeedynamic equivalent load, in newtons, of a bearing lamina at the outer ring or housing washer contact qeidynamic equivalent load, in newtons, of a bearing lamina at
49、 the inner ring or shaft washer contact qj,kload, in newtons, on the lamina k of roller j Ridistance, in millimetres, between the centre of curvature of the inner race groove and the axis of rotation Rpcrown radius, in millimetres, of spherical rollers recross-sectional raceway groove radius, in millimetres, of outer ring or housing washer ricross-sectional raceway groove radius, in millimetres, of inner ring or shaft washer s radial operating clearance, in millimetres, of bearing xkdistance, in millimetres, between centre of lamina k and rolle
