1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3110:1959 Methods for measuring the rub resistance of printBS3110:1959 This British Standard, having been approved by the Printing, Stationery and AlliedTrades Standards Committee, was published underthe authority of the GeneralCouncil on 23rd March, 1959 BSI 04-1999 The followin
2、g BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference S/20 Draft for comment CY(S)6885 ISBN 0 580 32666 7 Co-operating organizations The Printing, Stationery and Allied Trades Standards Committee under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representati
3、ves from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of British Manufacturers of Printers Machinery British Federation of Master Printers* British Paper and Board Makers Association* Electrotyping and Stereotyping Employers Federation Envelope Makers
4、 and Manufacturing Stationers Association Federation of Master Process Engravers Her Majestys Stationery Office National Association of Paper Merchants Newspaper Society Office Appliance and Business Equipment Trades Association Printing, Packaging and Allied Trades Research Association* Society of
5、British Printing Ink Manufacturers* Stationers Association of Great Britian and Ireland The scientific and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the Committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standa
6、rd: Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry British Aluminium Foil Rollers Association British Carton Association British Engineers Association British Paper Bag Federation British Paper Box Federation British Plastics Federation Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance Ltd. Incorporated S
7、ociety of British Advertisers Institute of Practitioners in Advertising Society of British Soap Makers Technical Section of the British Paper and Board Makers Association Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3110:1959 BSI 04-1999 i Contents Page Co-operating organizations Insi
8、de front cover Foreword ii Method 1 Reciprocating arc instrument 1 Method 2 Rotary instrument 3 Method 3 Hand reciprocating instrument 6 Figure 1 Reciprocating arc instrument 2 Figure 2 Rotary instrument 4 Figure 3 Hand reciprocating instrument 5BS3110:1959 ii BSI 04-1999 Foreword In order to keep a
9、breast of progress in the industries concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice of the committees charged with the revision of the standards to which they refer. A complete list of British Stand
10、ards, numbering over 3000, indexed and cross-indexed for reference, together with an abstract of each standard, will be found in the Institutions Yearbook. Difficulties and misunderstanding have arisen in the past from the lack of a generally accepted standard method for measuring the resistance of
11、prints to rubbing. For example, if it is desired to supply a printed carton or wrapper of a particular level of rubfastness, the absence of generally accepted test methods results in much inconvenience and confusion. The Printing, Stationery and Allied Trades Standards Committee therefore gave its a
12、uthority for work to be undertaken on the development of a standard test in the hope that details of a single method could be published as a British Standard. After a considerable period of investigation and experimental work, during which many tests were considered, the Committee responsible for th
13、e preparation of this standard decided that three of the instruments they had studied were useful, but on the basis of the evidence available, none of them was sufficiently superior to the others to warrant recommending it as the sole standard method. This British Standard, therefore, gives details
14、of all three instruments, since the urgent need for some guidance both to the consumer and the producer has necessitated publishing the standard before completely conclusive test results were possible. While the correlation of results obtained by any one of them with those obtained by the other meth
15、ods is not completely possible, experience with any one should enable users to relate test results to the probable practical performance of prints reasonably well. The Committee will continue to meet at regular intervals in order to keep developments under review. The Institution would, therefore, w
16、elcome comments arising from practical experience with all or any of the instruments as well as information concerning new methods that may be developed. It is hoped that, in the course of time, it may prove possible to revise this standard and to specify a single method only. NOTEWhere metric equiv
17、alents have been given, the figures in British units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric conversions are approximate. More accurate conversions should be based on the tables in BS 350, “Conversion factors and tables”. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provis
18、ions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1to 6 and a
19、back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS3110:1959 BSI 04-1999 1 Introduction One of the principal reasons for users being interested in the extent to which print
20、s will withstand rubbing, is in order to know whether the appearance of a printed wrapper or container will suffer, either during its passage through filling and packing machines, or during transit. In the one case, the rubbing is usually caused by a metal surface and affects only a small area of th
21、e package, in the other, it is usually caused by the rubbing together of two similarly printed surfaces and greater areas are liable to be affected. None of the instruments described in this standard completely simulates both conditions, all three do so to some extent, and all three can be used to r
22、ub print against print, or print against a selected test material. The abradant used should be that normally encountered in practice. It is recommended that tests with all three instruments should be carried out in a standard atmosphere, namely, 65 2 per cent relative humidity and 20 1.7 C. The deci
23、sion on an acceptable degree of rub resistance is an arbitrary one, and will vary with the purpose for which the printed matter is designed. However, the assessment of results will be more accurate in all cases if at least three tests are made wherever possible. In all three methods it will be neces
24、sary first to determine a suitable number of strokes. The results obtained from this can be assessed by comparison with those from an acceptable print. The number of strokes required to produce the first perceptible mark is of value when studied in relation to the full test. With multi-colour prints
25、, visual examination will indicate the relative rub resistance of individual colour inks. Method 2 lends itself to measurement by the photo-electric cell and the production of a series of standard disks to which any subsequent tests can be related. Care should be taken when evaluating the results of
26、 tests that the age of the print is taken into consideration. Generally, the fresher the print, the less stable will be the ink, and the more readily it will rub. To obtain the most accurately reproducible results, it is desirable that prints should not be tested for rubfastness until they are at le
27、ast a week old, and have been conditioned in the standard atmosphere for at least 24 hours. Method 1 Reciprocating arc instrument 1) Principle. This method attempts to simulate rubbing conditions met with in practice whereby one surface is rubbed by another backwards and forwards. Apparatus. The app
28、aratus consists of a motor-driven instrument, in which a weighted block, to which the test strip is attached, is moved over a print sample through an arc of 2! in. (55mm) by an arm that is 9in. (230mm) from the centre of its pivot to the centre of the block. The weighted block has a base area of4 2i
29、n. (100 50mm) and at each end are mounted2 1in. (50 25mm) rubber pads, so that the effective rubbing area is 4sq.in. (26cm 2 ). The weight of the block is 2lb (0.9kg), providing a contact pressure of lb/sq.in.(0.035 kg/cm 2 ). If double the pressure is required, a 2-lb (0.9kg) weight is provided to
30、fit over the 2lb(0.9kg) rubbing block. The movement is fixed at a rate of47 strokes per minute, i.e. complete to and fro cycles, and the machine automatically resets itself to give exactly the same number of strokes on repeat tests. The test requires a print test specimen and a test strip which is u
31、sually unprinted. The test specimen is cut to approximately83in. (200 75mm) and the rubbing strip cut to 4# 2in. (120 50mm) and folded so that the test area is free from folds or creases, and the ends gripped by the clips on the rubbing block. Normally the longest side of the strip is cut parallel t
32、o the cross direction of the paper. Where the test specimen is smaller than8 2 in. (20065mm), but larger than4# 2in. (120 50mm), it can be mounted on the rubbing block instead of the base. A suitable arrangement is shown inFigure 1. Test conditions. The number of strokes to be used will vary quite w
33、idely with the age of the print and the stock on which it is printed. Since the instrument will normally be used for control, the number of strokes a particular print should withstand will be known, but in the case of an unknown print it is usual to set the instrument for20strokes with the4lb (1.8kg
34、) weight. From the result of this test the most useful number to use can be determined. It is seldom of any advantage to continue the test beyond 100 strokes. 1) Such an instrument is available commercially from Ault a weight platform for loading the upper disks, and an air blast for removing detrit
35、us and for maintaining the temperature and/or moisture content of the specimens. Both the specimen-carrying disks carry a layer of low density polyurethane( in. (3mm) thick in order to cushion the effects of any surface or thickness irregularities in the test specimens and to provide sufficient fric
36、tion to drive the specimens in the rubbing operation. A removable ring is fitted to the lower disk and this serves to position the cushion and the specimen in use. A suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 2. Procedure. Cut circular specimens of 2in. (50mm) and 4 in. (115mm) diameter from the materi
37、als which are to be rubbed against each other. In rubbing a print against an unprinted surface, the print will normally be the2in. (50mm) diameter specimen. A pair of suitable cutter dies is an advantage if a large volume of testing has to be done. Both the specimens are placed on the appropriate ca
38、rrying disks so that the machine direction of each is parallel to that of the other, and loaded in contact by weights applied to the upper disk. After the desired number of revolutions, which may be in the region of50, switch off the motor and remove the specimens. A single standard rubbing procedur
39、e cannot be specified because of the great differences in rub-resistance acceptable in prints for different applications. From experience with the test it appears that three standard pressures (, 1, and2lb/sq.in., 0.035, 0.07, and 0.14kg/cm 2 ) cover the range of resistance in normal prints reasonab
40、ly well. 2) Details of such an instrument are available from the Printing, Packaging and Allied Trades Research Association, and the instrument is available commercially from H. W. Wallace & Co., Ltd., Croydon.BS3110:1959 4 BSI 04-1999 Figure 2 Rotary instrumentBS 3110:1959 BSI 04-1999 5 Figure 3 Ha
41、nd reciprocating instrumentBS3110:1959 6 BSI 04-1999 Method 3 Hand reciprocating instrument 3) Principle. The sample of print to be tested is rubbed forwards and backwards in a straight line by a second sample of print. The latter is of a standard size and under a standard loading. Samples are orien
42、tated so that rubbing occurs at right angles to the machine direction on both. Apparatus. The instrument comprises, essentially, a baseboard measuring186in. (460 150mm) on which the test sample is positioned, print upwards, and a block measuring4 3 2in. high(100 75 50mm high) to the base of which th
43、e second sample is attached, print downwards. The gross weight of the block should be 22 oz (625g). The whole instrument is made of hickory (or equivalent hardwood) except that the base of the block is formed from a brass plate ! in. (6mm) thick. This is screwed to the wood, the screw heads being co
44、mpletely recessed below the surface of the metal. The base of the block and the top of the baseboard shall be flat. A frame of1in. (25mm) square section hickory strip round the perimeter of the baseboard holds the test sample firmly. A sleeve slides along the sides of the frame without touching the
45、baseboard. The block fits loosely inside this sleeve. The instrument has been designed primarily to test printed carton board, but may be used with paper, foil and plastics if the samples are suitably backed (e.g.0.026in. (0.6mm) smooth white lined chipboard is satisfactory). A suitable arrangement
46、is shown inFigure 3. Procedure. Cut one sample measuring6 3 in.(150 75mm) so that the longer dimension is parallel to the cross direction. Crease this about1in. (25mm) from each end of the longer dimension and place print outwards on the base of the block. Use the end flaps to hold the sample firmly
47、 on the block. The test sample should measure6in. (150mm) wide in the machine direction and be as long as possible up to16in.(400mm) in the other direction. Place it print upwards with the6in. (150mm) dimension across the width of the baseboard and clamp it to the board by the frame. Carefully remov
48、e any dust from both samples with cotton wool. Place pencil mark between2 in. (65mm) and4 in.(100mm) from each end of the longer dimension of the test sample. Position the block, with board sample downwards, at one end of the baseboard so that the whole space between the two pencil marks is exposed,
49、 fit the sleeve over the block. Apply motive power to this sleeve rather than to the block so that the loading on the block is not accidentally increased by hand pressure. Pushing on the sleeve, move the block over the test sample until the pencil mark at the other end of the sample is uncovered. The movement should be even and at the rate of about one foot per second. The two samples should be in contact throughout. This movement forwards and back comprises one stroke. Continue such strokes up to the number required, examining
