1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1016-107.3: 1990 Methods for Analysis and testing of coal and coke Part 107: Caking and swelling properties of coal Section 107.3 Determination of swelling properties using a dilatometerBS1016-107.3:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Solid
2、Mineral Fuels Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI and comes intoeffecton 31 October1990 BSI 08-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference SFC/3 Draft for comment 85/50033 DC ISBN 0 580 18575 3 Committees respo
3、nsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Solid Mineral Fuels Standards Policy Committee (SFC/-) to Technical Committee SFC/3, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Cement Association British Coal Corporation British Gas plc Br
4、itish Steel Industry Department of Trade and Industry (Standards and Quality Policy Unit, Quality, Design and Education Division) Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.) Institute of British Foundrymen Institute of Petroleum Power Generation Contractors Association (BEA
5、MA Ltd.) Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS1016-107.3:1990 BSI 08-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Principle 1 5 Materials 1 6 Apparatus 1 7 Procedure 3 8 Expression of results 5 9
6、 Precision 5 10 Test report 5 Figure 1 Mould, press and accessories 6 Figure 2 Typical dilatometer apparatus 7 Figure 3 Characteristic dilatation curve 8 Figure 4 Types of dilatation curve 9 Table 1 Dimensions of mould 2 Table 2 Furnace temperature 4 Table 3 Precision 5 Publications referred to Insi
7、de back coverBS1016-107.3:1990 ii BSI 08-1999 Foreword This Section of BS1016 has been prepared under the direction of the Solid Mineral Fuels Standards Policy Committee. It is a partial revision of BS1016-12:1980 replacing clause7 from which it differs principally in that a transducer/electrical si
8、gnal recorder is specified as an alternative means of recording piston movement, and the alternative procedure whereby test pieces are tested in the same retort during independent furnace heating cycles is covered more fully. BS1016-12:1980 will be withdrawn when Sections107.1 and107.2 are published
9、. This Part is one of the first to be renumbered under a scheme for rationalizing and restructuring BS1016. The new series, when complete, will begin with Part100, which will include a general introduction. The earlier series of Parts is as follows, with the new Part numbers (which will be given to
10、revisions when they are published) in parentheses. Part 1: Total moisture of coal (Part 101); Part 2: Total moisture of coke (Part 102); Part 3: Proximate analysis of coal (Part 104); Part 4: Moisture, volatile matter and ash in the analysis sample of coke (Part104); Part 5: Gross calorific value of
11、 coal and coke (Part 105); Part 6: Ultimate analysis of coal (Part 106); Part 7: Ultimate analysis of coke (Part 106); Part 8: Chlorine in coal and coke (Part 106); Part 9: Phosphorus in coal and coke (Part 106); Part 10: Arsenic in coal and coke (Part 106); Part 11: Forms of sulphur in coal (Part 1
12、06); Part 12: Caking and swelling properties of coal (Part 107); Part 13: Tests special to coke (Part 108); Part 14: Analysis of coal ash and coke ash (Part 114); Part 15: Fusibility of coal ash and coke ash (Part 113); Part 16: Methods for reporting results (Part 100); Part 17: Size analysis of coa
13、l (Part 109); Part 18: Size analysis of coke (Part 110); Part 20: Determination of Hardgrove grindability index of hard coal (Part112); Part 21: Determination of moisture-holding capacity of hard coal (Part 103). The following Part in the new series has already been published. Part 111: Determinatio
14、n of abrasion index of coal. It is intended to publish the following Sections of BS1016-107. Section 107.1: Determination of crucible swelling number; Section 107.2: Assessment of caking power by Gray-King coke test; Section 107.4: Determination of plastic properties using a constant-torque Gieseler
15、 plastometer.BS1016-107.3:1990 BSI 08-1999 iii This Section of BS1016 is based on ISO8264:1989 “Hard coal Determination of the swelling properties using a dilatometer”, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The introduction in ISO8264 explains how the Audibert-Arnu d
16、ilatometer test described in ISO 349 (for which there is no corresponding British Standard) will eventually be replaced internationally by the Ruhr dilatometer test described in ISO8264. This text has been omitted from this Section. References to British Standards, which are not exactly technically
17、equivalent to the references in ISO8264 to international standards, have been substituted and certain other minor changes have been made. Subject to these changes, and for ease of production, the text of ISO8264 has been used in this Section. A British Standard does not purport to include all the ne
18、cessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, page
19、s1to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.iv blankBS1016-107.3:1990 BSI 08-1999 1 1 Scope This Section of BS 1016 describes a me
20、thod for the measurement of the swelling of hard coal using a dilatometer. 2 References The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3 Definitions For the purpose of this British Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 softening temperature;
21、 temperature of initial contraction the temperature at which the downward movementof the dilatometer piston is0,5mm NOTESee 1in Figure 3. 3.2 temperature of maximum contraction the temperature at which the dilatometer piston reaches its lowest point NOTESee 2in Figure 3. 3.3 resolidification tempera
22、ture; temperature of maximum dilatation the temperature at which the dilatometer piston reaches its highest point NOTESee 3in Figure 3. 3.4 maximum contraction the maximum downward movement of the dilatometer piston, measured from the zero point and expressed as a percentage of the initial test piec
23、e length NOTESee c in Figure 3 and Figure 4. 3.5 maximum dilatation the maximum upward movement of the dilatometer piston after contraction, measured from the zero point and expressed as a percentage of the initial test piece length NOTESee d in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The value can be either positiv
24、e or negative. 3.6 repeatability the maximum acceptable difference between two determinations which are carried out in the same laboratory, by the same operator with the same apparatus, on test pieces prepared from the same test sample and tested simultaneously in two different retorts during the sa
25、me heating cycle or separately in the same retort during different heating cycles 3.7 reproducibility the maximum acceptable difference between the means of two determinations which are carried out in each of two laboratories, on representative portions taken from the same gross sample, after the la
26、st stage of sample preparation 4 Principle A test piece, in the form of a pencil, prepared from powdered coal is heated at a constant rate in a steel retort positioned in a furnace, the temperature monitoring system having been previously calibrated using two reference metals of known melting points
27、. The change in level of a piston resting upon the test piece is observed continuously, and a record is produced which is characteristic of the swelling properties of the coal. 5 Materials The following materials are required for temperature calibration (7.1). 5.1 Graphite pencils, 30 mm long, base
28、diameter7,4mm, top diameter6,8mm, with a small cylindrical reservoir drilled in the narrow end of each pencil. 5.2 Metal balls, of the following reference metals: a) lead, analytical reagent grade, assay (Pb)99,98% minimum, melting point 327,0 C; b) zinc, assay (Zn) 99,87% minimum, melting point 419
29、,3 C. 5.3 Water-based blacking 6 Apparatus 6.1 Mould and accessories 6.1.1 Mould (seeFigure 1), made from steel, case-hardened after machining. The bore shall be polished after hardening and the bore and uniformity of taper (i.e.1in50) shall conform to the dimensions given in Table 1. 6.1.2 Mallet,
30、plastics head, mass about 200 g. 6.1.3 Ram (d) (seeFigure 1). 6.1.4 Press (seeFigure 1).BS1016-107.3:1990 2 BSI 08-1999 6.1.5 Load cell (h) (see Figure 1), capable of registering a load of0 to15kN. 6.1.6 Test piece gauge (i) (see Figure 1). Table 1 Dimensions of mould 6.2 Dilatometer A general arran
31、gement of suitable dilatometer apparatus giving critical dimensions is shown inFigure 2. 6.3 Dilatometer furnace A furnace capable of heating two or more retorts(6.6) to a temperature of550 C at a rate of3K/min. The furnace shall comply with the following operating conditions. Heat the furnace at a
32、rate of 3 K/min, and measure the temperature at the standard sensing point, i.e.at a position equivalent to that of the centre of a normally sited test piece30mm above the internal base of a retort. When the temperature has reached about450 C, measure the temperature over the lower250mm of the retor
33、t. The difference between the probe temperature and the mean temperature shown at the standard temperature sensing position shall be not more than: 2K in the lower120mm; 5K from120mm to180mm; 10K from180mm to250mm. NOTEThe instrument used to measure the temperature may either be the recorder describ
34、ed in 6.5 or another of at least equal precision. A suitable furnace (for heating three retorts) is illustrated in Figure 2 and consists of a casing fitted with a base and a top cover. The cover supports in a centre hole a cylindrical block of copper-aluminium alloy CA104, complying with BS2872, as
35、manufactured (condition M), of65mm diameter and460mm long. The block has three holes of380mm minimum depth and15,0mm 0,1mm diameter, drilled as shown in Figure 2. The top surface may be insulated by an appropriately shaped piece of board. The block is heated electrically by an insulated resistance w
36、inding, capable of raising the temperature of the block to550 C at a rate of3K/min. The space between the block and the casing is filled with a thermal insulating material. A suitable temperature sensor is positioned in the third retort in such away that the sensor tip lies centrally30mm above the i
37、nternal base of the retort. The distance of30mm is established by using a graphite pencil (5.1) as a means of measurement. 6.4 Temperature controller The temperature controller shall be a separate instrument from that used to record the rise of temperature during the test. It shall be of the automat
38、ic, programmed type capable of maintaining a mean rate of temperature rise of 3K/min 0,05K/min between250 C and550 C with a variation of not more than 1K per30K rise in any10min period, with a precision of1K. 6.5 Temperature recorder A suitable means of producing a complete record of the temperature
39、 variation during the test. 6.6 Retort and piston A cylindrical retort of cold-drawn seamless tube of steel150M 19 complying with BS970-1, fitted with a gas-tight threaded plug at its base and a collar at its top. When inserted in a hole in the furnace, the retort shall be supported only by the coll
40、ar with the threaded plug clear of the bottom of the hole. When new, the internal diameter of the retort shall be8,00mm 0,05mm and the external diameter shall be14,5mm 0,1mm. Check the internal diameter with a suitable ball gauge when new, and again after100, 150, 200, etc., tests. If the internal d
41、iameter of the lower third of the retort has increased at any point to more than8,075mm, discard the retort. Dimensions in millimetres Distance from wide end Bore (tolerance: 0,00, + 0,005) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 7,4 7,2 7,0 6,8 6,6 6,4 6,2 6,0 NOTEInformation on suitable gauges for this purpose may
42、 be obtained from the British Coal Corporation, Coal Research Establishment, Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.BS1016-107.3:1990 BSI 08-1999 3 The piston is machined from rod made of steel070M 55 complying with BS970-1. Adjust the combined mass of the piston and pen assembly to150g5g by mach
43、ining cut-out portions from the piston. The difference between the diameter of the piston and the internal diameter of the retort shall be0,2mm 0,05mm on manufacture. If this difference exceeds0,275mm in use the piston shall be replaced. The piston shall slide freely in the retort. A stand shall be
44、provided to allow the retorts and pistons to cool in a vertical position after removal from the furnace. 6.7 Means of recording piston movement A suitable means of recording piston movement versus time on a chart shall be used. The horizontal scale (time) shall be such that, when converted to temper
45、ature (see7.3.3), a range of180 C will occupy a length of at least150mm. On the vertical scale, 5% expansion or contraction shall occupy at least 3mm. This may be achieved either by a mechanical pen/chart system or a transducer/electrical signal recorder. A simple mechanical system is illustrated in
46、 Figure 2. In this example two tests are recorded simultaneously on opposite sides of the chart by means of pens clipped firmly to the tops of the pistons. The chart is fixed to a cylinder which is rotated at uniform speed by either a clockwork or a synchronous motor and is mounted on a stand which
47、is clamped to the top of the dilatometer outer casing. 6.8 Cleaning instruments 6.8.1 Auger, approximately 7,8mm diameter and stem length400mm. 6.8.2 Wire brush, 8mm diameter and stem length400mm. NOTEA wear-resistant steel reamer, 7,95mm diameter and stem length400mm may also be used. 7 Procedure 7
48、.1 Temperature calibration Carry out the following operations for each position in the furnace, other than the position used for the temperature sensor. Coat the lower30mm of the internal wall and the screw thread and the sealing plug of the retort as well as the lower face of the piston (6.6) with
49、a thin layer of blacking (5.3) prior to testing in order to prevent the molten reference metals adhering to the steel construction material. Dry by gentle warming. Place a lead ball 5.2 a) in the recess at the narrow end of a graphite pencil (5.1). Place the pencil in a retort, replace the screw plug and assemble the piston and recording mechanism. Insert the retort assembly into the furnace at a temperature of approximately280 C and determine the melting point of the lead using the p
