1、Ideal crop marks Steel PipeA Guide for Design and Installation Fifth Edition M11Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the
2、 sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Manual of Water Supply PracticesM11, Fifth Edition Ste
3、el PipeA Guide for Design and Installation Copyright 1954, 1972, 1983, 1991, 2000, 2012, 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or a
4、ny information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences o
5、f its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost re
6、venue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover Art: Melanie Yamamoto Production: Stonehill Graphics. Manuals Specialist: Sue Bach Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dechant, Dennis, author
7、. | Bambei, John H., Jr., author. | American Water Works Association. Title: M11-steel water pipe : a guide for design and installation / by Dennis Dechant and John Bambei. Other titles: Steel water pipe | Guide for design and installation | Steel pipe-design and installation. Description: Fifth edi
8、tion. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2017 | Originally published as: Steel pipe-design and installation. 1964. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017002001 | ISBN 9781625762092 Subjects: LCSH: Water-pipes-Design and construction-Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Pip
9、e, Steel-Design and construction-Handbooks, manuals, etc. Classification: LCC TC174 .D365 2017 | DDC 628.1/5-dc23 LC record available at https:/lccn.loc. gov/2017002001 ISBN 978-162576-209-2 eISBN 978-1-61300-408-1Ideal crop marks iii AWWA Manual M11 Contents List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi
10、Preface, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Introduction, xvii Chapter 1 History, Uses, and Physical Characteristics of Steel Pipe 1 History, 1 Uses, 2 Chemistry, Casting, and Heat Treatment, 3 Mechanical Characteristics, 7 Analysis Based on Strain, 12 Ductility in Design, 13 Effects of Cold Working on Streng
11、th and Ductility, 14 Brittle Fracture Considerations in Structural Design, 16 References, 18 Chapter 2 Steel Pipe Manufacture and Testing 21 Manufacture, 21 Materials, 23 TestingCoil and Plate, 24 TestingFormed Pipe, 24 References, 25 Chapter 3 Hydraulics of Pipelines, Water Hammer, and Pressure Sur
12、ge 27 Hydraulic Formulas, 27 Calculations, 35 Water Hammer and Pressure Surge, 39 Checklist for Pumping Mains, 42 General Studies for Water Hammer Control, 43 Allowance for Water Hammer, 43 Pressure Rise Calculations, 44 Economical Diameter of Pipe, 44 Air Entrapment and Release, 44 Good Practice, 4
13、5 References, 45 Chapter 4 Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness . 49 Internal Pressure, 50 Allowable Stress, 51 Handling Check, 52 Corrosion Allowance, 52 External PressureExposed or Submerged Pipe, 52iv STEEL PIPEA GUIDE FOR DESIGN AND INSTALLATION AWWA Manual M11 Good Practice, 55 References, 55 C
14、hapter 5 External Loads on Buried Pipe . 57 Earth Load, 57 Live Loads, 58 Construction Loads, 58 Extreme External Loading Conditions, 59 Predicting Deflection, 61 Cement Enhanced Soils, 66 Trench Components, 66 Special Considerations for Buried Pipe, 66 References, 68 Chapter 6 Pipe Joints. 73 Bell-
15、and-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket, 73 Circumferential Fillet Welds for Lap Joints, 75 Expansion and ContractionGeneral, 78 Flanges, 79 Couplings, 81 Insulating Joints, 83 Connection to Other Pipe Material, 84 Alternate Joints, 84 References, 84 Chapter 7 Fittings Design, Appurtenances, and Miscell
16、aneous Details . 87 Designation of Fittings, 87 Miter End Cuts, 88 Elbows, 88 Calculation of Resultant Angle of a Combined Angle Bend, 90 Reducers, 91 Reinforcement of Outlets, 91 Outlet Design Examples, 96 Outlet and Collar/Wrapper Connection, 109 Crotch Plate Design for Outlets and True Wyes, 109
17、Crotch-Plate Design, 109 Nomograph Use in Radial Outlet and Wye-Branch Design, 110 Crotch-Plate Connections, 114 True Wye Design, 122 Design of Ellipsoidal Heads, 125 Testing of Fittings, 126 Joint Harnesses, 126 Anchor Rings, 143 Anchor Ring Design, 149 Outlets, 155 Blowoff Connections, 155 Manhole
18、s, 156 Air-Release Valves and Air/Vacuum Valves, 156 Miscellaneous Connections and Other Appurtenances, 156 Layout of Pipelines, 157 Good Practice, 158 References, 158CONTENTS v AWWA Manual M11 Chapter 8 Thrust Restraint for Buried Pipelines 161 Thrust Forces, 161 Hydrostatic Thrust, 161 Thrust Resi
19、stance, 163 Thrust Blocks, 163 Thrust Restraint With Welded Or Harnessed Joints for pA Horizontal Thrust, 165 Gasketed Joints With Small Deflections, 166 Thrust Restraint With Welded Or Harnessed Joints for Horizontal Bends, 168 Small Vertical Deflections With Joints Free To Rotate, 170 Thrust Restr
20、aint With Welded Or Harnessed Joints for Vertical Bends, 171 References, 171 Chapter 9 Pipe on Supports . 173 Saddle Supports, 173 Pipe Deflection As Beam, 178 Methods of Calculation, 178 Gradient of Supported Pipelines To Prevent Pocketing, 179 Span Lengths and Stresses, 179 Design Example, 180 Rin
21、g Girders, 183 Ring-Girder Construction for Lowpressure Pipe, 183 Installation of Ring Girder Spans, 184 References, 186 Chapter 10 Principles of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection 187 General Corrosion Theory, 187 Typical Corrosion Cells, 189 Corrosivity Assessment, 195 Internal Corrosion Protectio
22、n, 199 Atmospheric Corrosion Protection, 199 External Corrosion Protection, 200 References, 206 Chapter 11 Protective Coatings and Linings .209 Requirements for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings, 209 Selection of the Proper Coating and Lining, 210 Available Coatings and Linings, 211 Coating and lin
23、ing Application, 213 Good Practice, 214 References, 214 Chapter 12 Transportation, Installation, and Testing 217 Transportation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipe, 217 Installation of Pipe, 219 Anchors and Thrust Blocks, 227 Steel Tunnel Liners and Casing Pipe, 228 Rehabilitation of Pipelines, 229 Ho
24、rizontal Directional Drilling, 231 Subaqueous Pipelines, 232vi STEEL PIPEA GUIDE FOR DESIGN AND INSTALLATION AWWA Manual M11 Hydrostatic Field Test, 233 References, 234 Nomenclature . 237 Glossary .245 Appendix A Pipe Deflection-Improving Embedment Versus Increasing Cylinder Thickness 249 Appendix B
25、 Harness Ring Assembly Design Example .251 References, 267 Appendix C Harness Rod Placement When Using Multiple Couplings to Accommodate Vertical Differential Settlement . 267 Appendix D Design of Steel Water Pipelines in Geohazard Areas 269 References, 273 Appendix E Useful Equations and Conversion
26、s . 275 Equations, 275 Conversions, 283 Index, 283 List of AWWA Manuals, 291Ideal crop marks vii AWWA Manual M11 Figures 1-1 Steel pipe penstock on bridge, 3 1-2 Stress-strain curve for steel, 8 1-3 True stress-strain for steel, 8 1-4 Stress-strain curves for carbon steel, 10 1-5 Plastic and elastic
27、 strains, 10 1-6 Actual and apparent stresses, 11 1-7 Determination of actual stress, 11 1-8 Experimental determination of strain characteristics, 13 1-9 Effects of strain hardening, 15 1-10 Effects of strain aging, 15 1-11 Transition curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact tests, 18 2-1 Schemati
28、c diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe, 22 2-2 U-ing and O-ing straight-seam double-fusion-welded pipe, 22 2-3 Schematic diagram for making plate pipe, 22 2-4 Schematic representation of the sequence of operations performed by a typical machine for making electric-resistance-welded tubes f
29、rom steel strip, 23 2-5 Cross section through weld point, 23 2-6 Electric-resistance welding using high-frequency welding current, 23 2-7 Electric-resistance welding by induction using high-frequency welding current, 23 3-1 Solution of the Hazen-Williams formula (based on V = 1.318 Cr 0.63 s 0.54for
30、 C = 140), 29 3-2 The Moody diagram for friction in pipe, 31 3-3 Solution of Manning flow formula for n = 0.011, 33 3-4 Solution of Scobey flow formula for K s= 0.36, 34 3-5 Resistance coefficients of valves and fittings for fluid flows, 38 3-6 Surge wave velocity chart for water, 40 4-1 Typical pip
31、eline and hydraulic grade profiles for gravity flow, 50 4-2 Typical pipeline and hydraulic grade profiles for pumped flow, 50 5-1 Vertical stress under an imposed area load, 61 5-2 Trench detail, 65 6-1 Common pipe field joints: Bell-and-spigot rubber gasket joints (A, B, and C) and field-welded joi
32、nts (DG), 74 7-1 Basic elbow dimensions, 89 7-2 General outlet configurations, 91 7-3 Common outlet configuration terminology, 92 7-4 Collar and wrapper, 94 7-5 Generic sectional view of reinforcement of outlets in welded steel pipe, 95 7-6 Scale drawing of the resulting geometry of double outlet, 1
33、07 7-7 Configurations and welding for outlet not requiring reinforcement, 110viii STEEL PIPEA GUIDE FOR DESIGN AND INSTALLATION AWWA Manual M11 7-8 Configurations and welding for outlet requiring reinforcement, 110 7-9 One-plate wye, 111 7-10 Three-plate wye, 111 7-11 Two-plate wye, 111 7-12 Nomogra
34、ph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-diameter pipes, 112 7-13 N factor curves, 113 7-14 Q factor curves, 113 7-15 Selection of top depth, 115 7-16A Two-plate integral crotch-plate connections, 116 7-16B Two-plate external crotch-plate connections, 116 7-17 Wye-branch plan and layout,
35、 117 7-18 Plate configurations for third-plate design, 117 7-19 Illustration of one-plate design, 118 7-20 Site illustration of two-plate design, 120 7-21 True-wye plan, 122 7-22 Plate configurations for a true wye, 123 7-23 Common handling and shipping lifting hole configurations, 125 7-24 Approxim
36、ation of an ellipsoidal head, 125 7-25 Harness lug and ring detail, 137 7-26 Anchor ring, 143 7-27 Tapping main under pressure, 156 8-1 Hydrostatic thrust T applied by fluid pressure to typical fittings, 162 8-2 Typical thrust blocking of a horizontal bend, 163 8-3 Typical thrust blocking of vertica
37、l bends, with bearing-type and gravity-type blocks, 164 8-4 Horizontal frictional forces that resist horizontal thrust T = pA 8-5 Pipe alignment through a curve, 167 8-6 Restraint of thrust at deflected gasketed joints on long-radius horizontal curves, 168 8-7 Unbalanced thrust at horizontal bends,
38、T = 2pA sin /2, 169 8-8 Unbalanced axial thrust, F = pA (1 cos ) plus unbalanced thrust normal to axial thrust, F 2= pA sin , 169 8-9 Restraint of uplift thrust at deflected joints on long-radius vertical curves, 170 9-1 Details of concrete saddle: Pipe acting as a self-supporting bridge may rest on
39、 suitably padded concrete saddles, 174 9-2 Saddle supports for 78-in. pipe, 174 9-3 Ring girders provide support for 54-in.-diameter pipe, 174 9-4 Expansion joints between stiffener rings, 175 9-5 Anchor block, 175 9-6 Long-span steel pipe for low pressures, 184 9-7 Ring girders on 111-in. pipe, 185
40、 10-1 Electrochemical corrosion cell, 188 10-2 Electrochemical corrosion cellalkaline flashlight battery, 188 10-3 Dissimilar metal corrosion between stainless-steel base metal and carbon steel fasteners, 190 10-4 Corrosion celldissimilar electrolytes typical of car battery, 190 10-5 Galvanic cell o
41、n embedded pipe without protective coating, 190FIGURES ix AWWA Manual M11 10-6 Galvanic cellpitting action, 191 10-7 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals in contact on buried pipe, 191 10-8 Corroding anchor bolt contacting reinforcement is subject to differential pH corrosion in water holding basin
42、, 192 10-9 Corrosion caused by new versus old steel pipe, 193 10-10 Corrosion caused by cinders, 194 10-11 Corrosion caused by dissimilarity of surface conditions, 194 10-12 Corrosion caused by dissimilar soils , 194 10-13 Corrosion caused by mixture of different soils , 195 10-14 Corrosion caused b
43、y differential aeration of soil, 195 10-15 Stray-current corrosion caused by electrified railway systems, 198 10-16 Bonding wire for bell-and-spigot rubber-gasketed joint, 201 10-17 Bonding wires installed on sleeve-type coupling, 201 10-18 Bonding wires installed on split-sleevetype coupling, 202 1
44、0-19 Corrosion monitoring station, 202 10-20 Galvanic anode cathodic protection, 203 10-21 Cathodic protectiongalvanic anode type, 204 10-22 Cathodic protectionrectifier type, 205 12-1 Pipe stulling and bracing configurations, 220 12-2 Steel reliner section, 229 12-3 Steel reliner assembly view (not
45、 to scale), 230 12-4 Steel slipliner section being inserted into host pipe with casing spacers, 231 12-5 Subaqueous pipelineassembly and launching, 232 12-6 Subaqueous pipelinepositioning by barge, 233 12-7 Subaqueous pipelinefloating string positioning, 233 A-1 Comparison of improving pipe embedmen
46、t versus increasing wall thickness for 48-in. pipe, 250 B-1 Harness lug geometry, 253 B-2 Harness lug assembly geometry, 254 B-3 Front harness ring/shell section, 258 B-4 Back harness ring/shell sections, 260 B-5 Simplified lug free body diagram, 263 C-1 Harness rod placement for differential settle
47、ment across multiple harnessed joints (section view), 268 E-1 Cross-section area of partially full cylinder . 273 E-2 Measuring radius of curvature . 274 E-3 Pipe with deflected joints or mitered ends in a long-radius curve 275 E-4 Spiral pipe helix angle 276 E-5 Vertical deflection of a pipe under
48、its own weight on a flat surface . 277 E-6 Vertical deflection of pipe full of water without support . 278 E-7 Various ring deflections of a circular ring under load with rigid bottom arc and no side support 278 E-8 Combined Elbows FTC Location . 279 LThis page intentionally blank.Ideal crop marks x
49、i AWWA Manual M11 Tables 1-1 Effects of alloying elements, 5 1-2 Maximum strain in pipe wall developed in practice, 13 3-1 Multiplying factors corresponding to various values of C in Hazen-Williams formula, 29 3-2 Kinematic viscosity of water, 32 3-3 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient valuesbase n = 0.011, , 33 3-4 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient valuesbase K s= 0.36, 34 3-5 Flow equivalents, 37 3-6 Velocity of pressure wave for steel pipe, 41 5-1 Live-load effect, 59 5-2 Newmark vertical influence coefficients, 60 5-3 Soil stiff
