1、The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterANSI/AWWA B405-06(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B405-00)AWWA StandardEffective date: Dec. 1, 2006.First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 15, 1960.This edition approved June 11, 2006.Approved by American National Standards Institute Sept. 28, 2006.Sodium
2、 AluminateAdvocacyCommunicationsConferencesEducation and TrainingH17012 Science and TechnologySections6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098T 800.926.7337www.awwa.orgiiAWWA StandardThis document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standardsde
3、scribe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normallycontained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of thestandard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or
4、 service is not fully defined. AWWApublication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify,or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent aconsensus of the water supply in
5、dustry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revisesor withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertisingsection of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following t
6、he month of JournalAWWA publication of the official notice.American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. AnAmerican National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the ge
7、neral public. Theexistence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person hasapproved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or proceduresnot conforming to the standard. American National Standards
8、are subject to periodic review, and users are cautionedto obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard areencouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that thegoods are produced i
9、n conformity with particular American National Standards.CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standardindicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn atany time. ANSI p
10、rocedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than fiveyears from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on allstandards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 We
11、st 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York,NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.Science and TechnologyAWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technologicalknowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advan
12、ce publichealth and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or
13、 retrieval system, except in the form of briefexcerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2006 by American Water Works AssociationPrinted in USAiiiCommittee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Co
14、agu-lant Aids (#249), which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnelat the time of approval:John P. Corless, ChairGene Shull, Vice-ChairGeneral Interest MembersM.B. Alvarez, CH2M Hill, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)K.K. Au, Green & Hansen, Chicago, Ill. (AWWA)D.T. Duke, Bloomington, In
15、d. (AWWA)J.D. Edwards, Burgess & Niple Ltd., Columbus, Ohio (AWWA)J.J. Gemin, Earth Tech (Canada) Inc., Kitchener, Ont., Canada (AWWA)P.H. Hargette, Black & Veatch Engineers, Greenville, S.C. (AWWA)R.D. Harriger, Williamsburg, Va. (AWWA)C.B. Lind, Mauser Corporation, Bridgewater, N.J. (AWWA)C.L. McL
16、ain,* Moorhead Public Service, Moorhead, Minn. (AWWA)P.J. Olson,*Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)J.W. Patterson, J.W. Patterson Environmental Consultants, Silverthorne, Colo. (AWWA)L.W. VandeVenter, Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wakefield, Mass. (AWWA)B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (A
17、WWA)Producer MembersJ.E. Brown, Southern Ionics, Inc., Whitney, Texas (AWWA)J.P. Crass, Eaglebrook Inc., Ventura, Calif. (AWWA)D.E. Gordon, QC Corporation, Baltimore, Md. (AWWA)L.N. Hjersted,Kemiron Inc., Bartow, Fla. (AWWA)*Liaison, nonvotingAlternateivB. Keogh, Dundas, Ont., Canada (AWWA)K.E. Rueh
18、l,General Chemical Corporation, Ballwin, Mo. (AWWA)G. Shull, Kemiron Inc., Bacliff, Texas (AWWA)User MembersB.S. Aptowicz, Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pa. (AWWA)T.A. Barber Jr., Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Ga. (AWWA)J.P. Corless, US Naval Reserve, Rockville, Md. (AWWA)L.V. Landry, C
19、ity of Shreveport, Shreveport, La. (AWWA)C.A. Owen, Tampa Bay Water, Clearwater, Fla. (AWWA)J.S. Trotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind. (AWWA)D.P. Wolz, Clean Water Plant, Wyoming, Mich. (AWWA)vContentsAll AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some varia
20、tions from this formatmay be found in a particular standard.SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGEForewordI Introduction. viiI.A Background viiI.B History. viiI.C Acceptance . viiII Special Issues. ixII.A Advisory Information on Product Application ixIII Use of This Standard ixIII.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives
21、ixIII.B Modification to Standard. xIV Major Revisions . xV Comments . xStandard1Genral1.1 Scope . 11.2 Purpose 11.3 Application 12 References 23 Definitions 24 Requirements4.1 Physical Requirements . 34.2 Chemical Requirements. 34.3 Impurities 35 Verification5.1 Sampling 45.2 Test Procedures 55.3 Ba
22、sis for Rejection . 126 Delivery6.1 Marking. 126.2 Packaging and Shipping. 126.3 Affidavit of Compliance and Certified Analysis 13This page intentionally blank.viiForewordThis foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA B405.I. Introduction.I.A. Background. Sodium aluminate (Na2A
23、l2O4) is used to improve hardnessreduction and coagulation when softening water with lime or lime and soda ash. Itcan also be used in conjunction with alum to improve coagulation.Sodium aluminate is a manufactured product obtained by combining aluminumoxide (Al2O3) with sufficient excess causticity
24、for stabilization. Sodium aluminate isproduced either as a solid or liquid. The solid form is a white or brown granularmaterial containing 6080 percent Na2Al2O4(19.7526.33 percent aluminum). Thedensity of solid sodium aluminate is 800 kg/m3(50 lb/ft3). Liquid sodium aluminateis a concentrated soluti
25、on containing approximately 3045 percent Na2Al2O4(9.8714.80 percent aluminum). The specific gravity of liquid sodium aluminate is1.451.60.Refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the supplier ormanufacturer for safety information.I.B. History. Prior to May 15, 1960, a tentative sta
26、ndard for sodiumaluminate was designated AWWA B405-59T. On May 15, 1960, the firstedition was approved. Subsequent revisions to ANSI/AWWA B405 were preparedby the AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and RelatedCoagulant Aids and approved by the AWWA Board of Directors in 1983, 19
27、89,1994, and 2000. This sixth edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directorson June 11, 2006. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSFInternational (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consens
28、us standards and acertification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Othermembers of the original consortium included the American Water WorksAssociation Research Foundation (AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Healthand Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Wo
29、rksAssociation (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking WaterAdministrators (ASDWA) joined later.viiiIn the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contactwith, drinking water rests with individual states.*Local agencies may choose toimpose requirements more stringent tha
30、n those required by the state. To evaluatethe health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products,state and local agencies may use various references, including two standardsdeveloped under the direction of NSF, NSF/ANSI60, Drinking Water TreatmentChemicalsHealth Effects, and
31、NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System Compo-nentsHealth Effects.Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products inaccordance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority toaccept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accred
32、itationof certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substancesnot regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The
33、 MALs ofan unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testingguidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens).Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.ANSI/AWWA B405 addresses additives requirements in
34、Sec. 4.3 of the standard.The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solidsis becoming a problem of greater concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.2 is arecommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water tobe certified by an accredited certi
35、fication organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users ofthe standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Usersof this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency havingjurisdiction i
36、n order to1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certifyproducts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.3. Determine current information on product certification.*Persons outside of the Unite
37、d States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.NSF International 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. ixII. Special Issues.II.A. Advisory Information on Product Application. Unlik
38、e many other floccu-lant chemicals purchased in liquid form, liquid sodium aluminate is usuallypurchased by weight of product, including water.This standard provides methods for analyzing insoluble matter, available sodiumaluminate, soluble silica, total sodium oxide, and excess sodium oxide. This s
39、tandardapplies to sodium aluminate produced by currently recognized methods ofmanufacture. If other methods or raw materials are used, impurities could be presentthat might be inconsistent with good water treatment practices. In such cases,additional tests by the manufacturer may be required to demo
40、nstrate that the productis suitable for water treatment purposes.III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility for the user of an AWWAstandard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for usein the particular application being considered.III.A. Purchaser Options a
41、nd Alternatives. When purchasing sodium alumi-nate under the provisions of this standard, the following items should be specified bythe purchaser:1. Standard usedthat is, ANSI/AWWA B405, Standard for Sodium Alumi-nate, of latest revision.2. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatme
42、ntChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 3. Physical form and quantity required (Sec. 4.1).4. Liquid sodium aluminate may lack stability after storage for more than30 days. Purchasers may wish to expand on the stability requirements based onindividual need. (Sec. 4.1.1)5. Commercial solid sodium alum
43、inate containing additives, such as clay, toimprove the feeding or coagulating characteristics or stabilizers to improve shelf life isavailable. Use of these additional materials requires changing the limitations oninsoluble matter (Sec. 4.1.2) and chemical requirements (Sec. 4.2). Together, sodiuma
44、luminate and additives (clay and stabilizers) must conform to impurity limitationrequirements (Sec. 4.3).6. In the event that an analysis by a referee laboratory is required, theassignment of testing costs should be addressed (Sec. 5.3.1).7. Size and type of container to be used (Sec. 6.2).8. Affida
45、vit of compliance, certified analysis, or both, if required (Sec. 6.3).x9. Whether an analysis by a certified laboratory for the presence of barium,cadmium, chromium, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, antimony, beryllium,cyanide, nickel, thallium, iron, and manganese is to be required (Sec. 6.3).
46、III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, defini-tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.IV. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this revisioninclude the following:1. The required total gross sample size taken from each c
47、ontainer of sodiumaluminate in liquid form has been reduced from 10 qt (10 L) to 0.75 qt (750 mL)(Sec. 5.1.4.1).2. The required number of sampling locations from a tank car or tank truck hasbeen reduced from five to three and the total volume required has been reduced from10 qt (10 L) to 0.75 qt (75
48、0 mL) (Sec. 5.1.4.1.1).3. The required size of the final sealed samples for laboratory examination hasbeen reduced from 0.5 qt (500 mL) to 0.2 qt (200 mL) (Sec. 5.1.4.2).V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,please call the AWWA Volunteer & Technical Support Group at
49、 303.794.7711, FAXat 303.795.7603, write to the group at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO80235-3098, or e-mail standardsawwa.org.1AWWA StandardANSI/AWWA B405-06(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B405-00)Sodium AluminateSECTION 1: GENERALSec. 1.1 ScopeThis standard describes sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4) in both liquid and solidform for use in water supply service. Sodium aluminate according to this standard isa combination of sodium oxide (Na2O) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with sufficientexcess causticity (sodium oxide) for stabilization.Sec. 1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this standard i
