1、iWeldingof StainlessSteelsCopyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:iiNOTE: Although care was taken in choosing and presenting the data in this guide, AWS cannot gua
2、rantee that it is error free. Further, thisguide is not intended to be an exhaustive treatment of the topic and therefore may not include all available information, particularly with respectto safety and health issues. By publishing this guide, AWS does not insure anyone using the information it con
3、tains against any liability or injuryto property or persons arising from that use.Compiled/Edited byRichard D. Campbell, P.E.Welding Solutions, Inc., Broomfield, CO 1999 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
4、Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:iiiTable of ContentsChapter 1Definitions1Chapter 2Introduction to Stainless Steels and Types of Stainless Steels.5Chapter 3
5、Stainless Steel Filler Materials.17Chapter 4Preweld Cleaning and Preparation of Stainless Steels .41Chapter 5Welding and Cutting of Stainless Steels.43Chapter 6Postweld Cleaning of Stainless Steels65Chapter 7Heat Treatments of Stainless Steels .67Chapter 8Weld Discontinuities and Defects in Stainles
6、s Steels 71Chapter 9Stainless Steels in Welding Codes and Other Standards83Chapter 10Safety and Health Considerations in Welding of Stainless Steels91References and Other Publications Available from AWS .93Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo repr
7、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:ivTable Page Table PageBase Metal Compositions (Chapter 2)2-1 Chemical Compositions of Typical Wrought Austenitic StainlessSteels 72-2 Chemical Compositions of Typical Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels . 82-3 Chemical
8、Compositions of Typical Superaustenitic Stainless Steels 92-4 Chemical Compositions of Typical Ferritic Stainless Steels . 112-5 Chemical Compositions of Typical Superferritic Stainless Steels. 122-6 Chemical Compositions of Typical Martensitic Stainless Steels. 132-7 Chemical Compositions of Typica
9、l Duplex Stainless Steels . 152-8 Chemical Compositions of Typical Precipitation-HardeningStainless Steels. 16Filler Metal/Electrode Compositions (Chapter 3)3-1 Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel ShieldedMetal Arc Welding Electrodes. 183-2 Types of Welding Current and Positions of
10、 Welding. 203-3 Chemical Composition Requirements for Bare Stainless SteelWelding Electrodes and Rods 213-4 Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel FluxCored Arc Welding and Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc WeldingFiller Metals. 243-5 External Shielding Medium, Polarity, and Welding Process
11、 . 273-6 Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless SteelConsumable Inserts 283-7 Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Austenitic StainlessSteels 303-8 Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Precipitation-HardeningStainless Steels . 313-9 Suggested Filler Metals for Welds Between Dissimilar Aus
12、teniticStainless Steels . 323-10 Compositions of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels 333-11 Characteristics of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of StainlessSteels 353-12 Compositions of Nickel and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing ofStainless Steels . 373-13 Characteristics of Nickel
13、 and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing ofStainless Steels . 383-14 Compositions of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels. 393-15 Characteristics of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels 39Welding Processes (Chapter 5)5-1 Typical Groove Weld Joint Designs for Austenitic Stain
14、less Steels 455-2 GMAW Globular-to-Spray Transition Currents for a Variety ofElectrodes. 475-3 Typical Arc Voltages for GMAW of Various Metals . 485-4 GMAW Shielding Gases for Spray Transfer 495-5 GMAW Shielding Gases for Short Circuiting Transfer. 50List of TablesCopyright American Welding Society
15、Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:vTable Page Table Page5-6 Typical Conditions for GMAW of Austenitic Stainless SteelUsing a Spray Arc in the Flat Position 515-7 Typical Conditions for GMAW of
16、 Austenitic Stainless SteelUsing a Short Circuiting Arc . 515-8 Typical PAW Conditions for Butt Joints in Stainless Steel 525-9 Typical PAW Conditions for Welding Stainless SteelsLowAmperage. 535-10 Typical Self-Shielded FCAW Procedures for Stainless SteelsUsing Stainless Steel Electrodes 555-11 Typ
17、ical Conditions for SAW Double-V-Groove Joints in StainlessSteel Plate. 575-12 ASuggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels(U.S. Customary Units) . 58BSuggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels(Metric Units) 595-13 Welding Schedules Suggested for Seam Welding Stainless Steels 60
18、5-14 Projection Welding Design Data 615-15 Manufacturing Process Data for Projection Welding StainlessSteels 62Heat Treatments of Stainless Steels (Chapter 7)7-1 Typical Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements forMartensitic Stainless Steels 677-2 Postweld Heat Treatments for Martensitic St
19、ainless Steels . 687-3 Recommended Solution Annealing Temperatures for AusteniticStainless Steels . 687-4 Typical Heat Treatments for Precipitation-Hardening StainlessSteels 69Welding Codes and Standards (Chapter 9)9-1 Typical Stainless Steel Base Metal P-Number, S-Number, andM-Number Categories 859
20、-2 F-Number Groupings of Welding Electrodes and Rods forQualifications. 869-3 A-Number Classifications of Stainless Steel Ferrous Weld Metalfor Procedure Qualifications 879-4 Preheat Requirements in Various Codes 889-5 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements in Various Codes 89Copyright American Weldin
21、g Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:viFigure Page Figure PageChapter 33-1 Standard Consumable Insert Designs 29Chapter 55-1 Schematic Illustration of Weld Bead Produced with Arc WeldsM
22、ade with the Same Parameters (Current, Voltage, and TravelSpeed) on Different Materials 435-2 Schematic Illustration of Distortion Produced with Arc WeldsMade with the Same Parameters (Current, Voltage and TravelSpeed) on Different Materials 435-3 Typical Welding Currents Versus Wire Feed Speeds for
23、300 Series Stainless Steel Electrodes. 465-4 FCAW Electrode Feed Rate Versus Welding Current forSelf-Shielding E308T-3 54Chapter 88-1 SensitizationFormation of Chromium Carbides at GrainBoundaries . 728-2 Weld Metal Area, Heat-Affected Zone, and Base Metal . 728-3 Multi-Pass Weld. 738-4 Weld Penetra
24、tion in Stainless Steels 768-5 Weld Penetration in Mismatched Base Metals. 768-6 DeLong Diagram 788-7 Schaeffler Diagram 798-8 Weld Dilution. 80List of FiguresCopyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
25、e from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:viiBasic Safety PrecautionsBurn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and hot work surfaces areproduced by welding, cutting, and allied processes. These can cause burnsif precautionary measures are not used. Workers should wear protectiveclothing made of fire-re
26、sistant material. Pant cuffs, open pockets, or otherplaces on clothing that can catch and retain molten metal or sparks shouldnot be worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and fire-resistant glovesshould be worn. Pant legs should be worn over the outside of high-topshoes. Helmets or hand shields t
27、hat provide protection for the face, neck,and ears, and a head covering to protect the head should be used. In addi-tion, appropriate eye protection should be used.Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill. However, it can be avoided.Live electrical parts should not be touched. The manufacturers i
28、nstructionsand recommended safe practices should be read and understood. Faultyinstallation, improper grounding, and incorrect operation and maintenanceof electrical equipment are all sources of danger.All electrical equipment and the workpiece should be grounded. The work-piece lead is not a ground
29、 lead. It is used only to complete the welding cir-cuit. A separate connection is required to ground the workpiece. Theworkpiece should not be mistaken for a ground connection.Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes producefumes and gases which may be harmful to health. Avoid br
30、eathing the air inthe fume plume directly above the arc. Do not weld in a confined area with-out a ventilation system. Use point-of-welding fume removal when weld-ing galvanized steel, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, brass, orbronze. No container should be presumed to be clean or safe. Do
31、not weld orcut on any container, including piping, until it has been examined by,cleaned under the supervision of, and rendered safe by qualified personnel.Compressed Gas Cylinders. Keep caps on cylinders when not in use.Make sure that gas cylinders are chained to a wall or other structural sup-port
32、. Do not weld on cylinders.Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultraviolet, infrared, or light radia-tion. Always wear protective clothing and eye protection to protect the skinand eyes from radiation. Shield others from light radiation from your weld-ing operation.AWS recommends a personal copy of A
33、rc Welding Safely, Fire Safety in Welding and Cutting, Recommended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding andCutting of Containers and Piping, and Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reprod
34、uction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:viiiAg SilverAl AluminumAr ArgonB BoronBe BerylliumC CarbonCd CadmiumCo CobaltCO2Carbon DioxideCr ChromiumCu CopperFe IronHe HeliumLa LanthanumLi LithiumMg MagnesiumMn ManganeseMo MolybdenumN NitrogenNb NiobiumNi Nickel
35、O OxygenP PhosphorusS SulfurSe SeleniumSi SiliconSn TinTa TantalumTi TitaniumV VanadiumW TungstenZn ZincZr ZirconiumAbbreviation Quick ReferenceCopyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
36、/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:1The terms in this chapter are common words used in dealing with weld-ing of stainless steels. See the latest revision of AWS A3.0, Standard Weld-ing Terms and Definitions, for the standard terms used in the weldingindustry. Some other terms and definitions are standard metallur
37、gical andcorrosion terms from ASM International and the National Association ofCorrosion Engineers (NACE).Air carbon arc cutting (CAC-A)A carbon arc cutting process variationthat removes molten metal with a jet of air.AusteniteA nonmagnetic phase of steel with a face-centered cubic (FCC)structure.Au
38、stenitic stainless steelA stainless steel that contains chromium, nickel,and sometimes manganese, which produce austenite.Autogenous weldA fusion weld made without filler metal.Base metalThe metal or alloy that is welded.ButteringA surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one ormore surf
39、aces to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for thesubsequent completion of the weld.Carbon arc cutting (CAC)An arc cutting process that uses a carbonelectrode.Carburizing flameA reducing oxyfuel gas flame in which there is anexcess of fuel gas, resulting in a carbon-rich zone extending ar
40、ound andbeyond the cone.Cold crackA crack which develops after solidification is complete.CorrosionThe deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemicalreaction with its environment.Consumable insertFiller metal that is placed at the joint root beforewelding, and is intended to be completely f
41、used into the joint root tobecome part of the weld.Crater crackA crack formed in the crater or end of a weld bead, typicallya form of a hot crack.Crevice corrosionCorrosion caused by the concentration of corrodentalong crevices.DefectA discontinuity or discontinuities that by nature or accumulatedef
42、fect (for example total crack length) render a part or product unable tomeet minimum applicable standards or specifications. The term desig-nates rejectability.Delayed crackA nonstandard term for cold crack caused by hydrogenembrittlement.DilutionThe change in chemical composition of a welding fille
43、r metalcaused by the admixture of the base metal or previous weld metal in theweld bead.DiscontinuityAn interruption of the typical structure of a material, suchas a lack of homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physicalcharacteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect.Chapter
44、1DefinitionsCopyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-/:#“#:“#$:#:“#:$#:“*:2Duplex stainless steelA stainless steel that contains chromium plus otheralloying elements, designed to produc
45、e a duplex structure at room tem-perature of a mixture of austenite and ferrite, austenite and martensite,etc.ElectrodeA component of the electrical circuit that terminates at the arc,molten conductive slag, or base metal.Electron beam welding (EBW)A welding process that produces fusion(coalescence)
46、 with a concentrated beam, composed primarily of high-velocity electrons, impinging on the joint.FerriteA magnetic phase of steel with a body-centered cubic (BCC)structure.Ferrite number (FN)An arbitrary, standardized value designating theferrite content of an austenitic stainless steel weld metal.F
47、erritic stainless steelA stainless steel that contains chromium (and oftenmolybdenum), which produce ferrite.Filler metalThe metal or alloy to be added in making a welded joint.Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)An arc welding process that uses an arcbetween a continuous filler metal electrode and the wel
48、d pool. The pro-cess is used with shielding gas from a flux contained within the tubularelectrode, with or without additional shielding from an externally sup-plied gas.Fusion weldingAny welding process that uses fusion of the base metal tomake the weld.Fusion zoneThe area of base metal melted as determined on the crosssection of a weld.Gas metal arc
