1、AWS F1.1M:2018An American National StandardMethods forSampling Fumesand GasesGenerated byWelding and AlliedProcessesAWS F1.1M:2018An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteSeptember 29, 2017Methods for SamplingFumes and Gases Generated byWelding and Allied Processe
2、s6th EditionSupersedes AWS F1.1M:2006 and AWS F1.5M:2003Prepared by theAWS Project Committee on Fumes and GasesUnder the Direction of theAWS Committee on Safety and HealthApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document aids the reader in the proper technique for sampling welding fumes and
3、 gases in the workplace. Emphasisis placed on positioning the sampling device and calibration of the equipment.iiAWS F1.1M:2018ISBN: 978-0-87171-927-0 2018 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reprod
4、uced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal,
5、 oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS F1.1M:2018Statement on the Use of American Welding
6、 Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When A
7、WS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmentalbodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS sta
8、ndardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those lawsand regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokesthe AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship
9、exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to ach
10、ieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any
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15、on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they havethe latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or tr
16、ade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical require
17、ments of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex D). Withregard
18、to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. Theseopinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice.Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular indiv
19、iduals giving them. These individuals do notspeak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS.In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject t
20、o revision at any time by the AWS Committee on Safety and Health. It must be reviewed everyfive years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or dele-tions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required
21、 and should be addressed to AWSHeadquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Committee on Safety and Health and theauthor of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend allmeetings of the AWS Committee on Safety a
22、nd Health to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of anadverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical ActivitiesCommittee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami,FL
23、33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS F1.1M:2018vAWS F1.1M:2018PersonnelAWS Safety and Health CommitteeD. E. Clark, Chair ConsultantD. Werba, Vice Chair Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyS. R. Fiore Hobart Brothers CompanyS. L. Foxworth ESAB
24、 Welding and Cutting ProductsM. Haaksma Orange County Ironworks, LLCK. A. Lyttle ConsultantA. F. Manz A. F. Manz AssociatesK. M. Merlo-Joseph Apeks SupercriticalJ. Petkovsek The Lincoln Electric CompanyR. M Santasiero NJCTTCS. Solomon Extruflex North AmericaAdvisors to the Safety and Health Committe
25、eT. M. Donovan Sheet Metal Workers Local #265S. E. Ferree ConsultantD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. G. Harvey Hobart Brothers CompanyA. Hudson Hobart Brothers CompanyJ. D. Jennings Expert ServicesT. Lyon ConsultantD. H. Sliney ConsultantR. J. Tucker ConsultantAWS Subcommittee on Fumes and
26、GasesK. A. Lyttle, Chair ConsultantS. R. Fiore, Vice Chair Hobart Brothers CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. N. Dunbar The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyS. L. Foxworth ESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsA. Hilbert Miller Electric Manufacturing
27、CompanyJ. Hutchins Ohio BWC/Safety and HygieneM. Merlo RevWires LLCK. M. Merlo-Joseph Apeks SupercriticalJ. J. Palach Pal-Tech Consulting ServicesJ. Petkovsek The Lincoln Electric CompanyT. P. Rosiek Nederman USA, IncorporatedviAWS F1.1M:2018Advisors to the Subcommittee on Fumes and GasesM. Amata Ho
28、bart Brothers CompanyH. R. Castner Edison Welding InstituteD. E. Clark ConsultantW. H. Drake S. W. Missouri State UniversityT. J. Eckardt Select-Arc IncorporatedS. E. Ferree ConsultantviiAWS F1.1M:2018ForewordThis foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
29、In 1976, the American Welding Society published the first edition of AWS F1.1, Method for Sampling Airborne Partic-ulates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes, in recognition of the need to standardize the procedure for samplingcontaminants in the welders breathing zone. The Project Committee o
30、n Fumes and Gases, using expertise in welding aswell as industrial hygiene, developed the technique through field testing. Minor modifications and editorial changeswere made in the 1985, 1992, 1999, and 2006 editions.In 1987, the first edition of AWS F1.5, Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Gases fr
31、om Welding and Allied Processes,was published to complement AWS F1.1. Minor modifications and editorial changes were made in the 1996 and 2003editions.In 2009, a decision was made to combine these two standards into a single document so that information needed to accu-rately assess welder exposure i
32、n the workplace would be found in one document. This document describes commonlyaccepted industrial hygiene sampling techniques but no longer includes the actual analytical methods as recommendedby the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Healt
33、h Admin-istration (OSHA). The analytical methods are readily available and are not generally needed by industrial hygienistcollecting exposure assessment samples in the workplace. Instead, these analytical methods are referenced only.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are
34、welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS F1.1M:2018ixAWS F1.1M:2018Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiList of Tables.xList of Figures.x1. Scope and
35、General Provisions 11.1 Scope11.2 Safety .12. Normative References .23. Terms and Definitions .2Part ASampling for Fumes .24. Summary of Methods25. Fume Concentration Exposure Conditions.36. Sampling Considerations57. Sampling Equipment.58. Sample Conditioning.59. Sampling Technique 69.1 Breathing Z
36、one Helmet Test69.2 General Area Test 610. Sample Calculation for Total Fume Concentration .710.1 Test Data 710.2 Calculation.7Part BSampling Gases.711. Summary of Analytical Techniques.711.1 General.711.2 Instrumental Methods 711.3 Detector Tubes and Passive Samplers .711.4 Chemical Methods.711.5 I
37、nterferences 811.6 Calibration .812. Basic Requirements for Sampling812.1 General.812.2 Sampling Periods.812.3 Breathing-Zone Sampling812.4 Static Background Sampling .912.5 Sample Filtration .912.6 Sampling Materials912.7 Sampling Pump and Rate 9xPage No.AWS F1.1M:201813. Ozone (0.01 ppm to 1 ppm)
38、1113.1 Sampling1113.2 Instruments 1113.3 Detector Tubes.1113.4 Chemical Method.1113.5 Calibration .1113.6 Recommended Method1114. Carbon Monoxide (5 ppm to 500 ppm) .1114.1 Sampling1114.2 Instruments 1214.3 Detector Tubes and Passive Samplers .1214.4 Chemical Methods.1214.5 Calibration .1214.6 Recom
39、mended Method1215. Nitric Oxide (1 ppm to 100 ppm) and Nitrogen Oxide (0.5 ppm to 25 ppm).1215.1 Sampling1215.2 Instruments 1215.3 Detector Tubes.1215.4 Chemical Methods.1215.5 Calibration .1215.6 Recommended Method1216. Fluoride Ion (0.03 mg/m3to 1.2 mg/m3) 1316.1 Sampling1316.2 Instruments 1316.3
40、Detector Tubes.1316.4 Chemical Methods.1316.5 Calibration .1316.6 Recommended Method13Annex A (Informative)Calibration15Annex B (Informative)Detector Tubes and Monitors .17Annex C (Informative)Informative References 21Annex D (Informative)Requesting an Official Interpretation on an AWS Standard23xiA
41、WS F1.1M:2018List of TablesTable Page No.1 Suggested Data Form for Personal or Area Fume Exposure Testing .4List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Filter Cassette Assembly Properly Positioned Inside the Welding Helmet for Testing .62 Detector Tube .73 Passive Sampler or Monitor84 Pump and Filter (Typical).
42、10This page is intentionally blank.xiiAWS F1.1M:2018AWS F1.1M:20181Methods for Sampling Fumes and GasesGenerated by Welding and Allied Processes1. Scope and General Provisions1.1 Scope. This standard describes procedures for sampling fumes and gases generated by welding and allied processes.Because
43、it is limited to health hazard evaluation, the standard is primarily concerned with sampling at the workersbreathing zone (see 4.1). It also describes procedures for general area sampling of fumes and gases. The sampling methodsdescribed in this standard apply to the sampling of solid particulate ma
44、tter as well as the gases liberated during weldingand allied processes. Gases generated during welding may include, but are not limited to, the following:(1) Ozone (O3)(2) Carbon Monoxide (CO)(3) Nitric Oxide (NO) + Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) = Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)(4) Gaseous FluoridesThis publicati
45、on is intended for use by personnel who are responsible for sample collection and evaluation of the envi-ronment of personnel involved with welding and allied processes. It provides the most widely recognized, safe methodsfor the sampling to be used in the evaluation of airborne concentrations of fu
46、mes and gases commonly formed duringwelding. Where appropriate, analytical methods have been referenced.While not generally present around most welding operations, it is possible to encounter toxic phosgene gas wheredegreasing or cleaning activities involving chlorinated hydrocarbons are carried out
47、 in close proximity to welding. Anti-spatter compounds may also contain chlorinated hydrocarbons. When vapors from these materials enter the atmospherearound the arc, a reaction between ultraviolet radiation from the welding arc and these vapors can produce phosgene.Since phosgene levels as low as 2
48、 ppm can cause serious health impairment or even death, it is important to preventvapors from any chlorinated hydrocarbon from entering the welding area. Consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for anycleaning products used in close proximity to welding processes. Sampling for phosgene is outside the sc
49、ope of the proce-dures described in this standard.This standard makes sole use of the International System of Units (SI).1.2 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health informa-tion is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein.Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or
