1、Designation: G 164 99 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as anANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication onprocess
3、ed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine thepresence of process-surviving lubricants on photographicfilms. It is the purpose of this test method to expand theapplicability of this test method to other flexible webs that mayneed lubrication for suitable performance. This test measuresthe b
4、reakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider onthe web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the testis to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.It is not intended to rank lubricants.1.2 The
5、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
6、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ANSI/ISO Standards:3ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 forphotography-Processed Films-Method for De
7、terminingLubrication3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of friction, , n, in tribologythe dimen-sionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to thenormal force (N) pressing these bodies together.3.1.2 friction force, nthe resisting force tangential to theinterface between t
8、wo bodies when, under the action ofexternal force, one body moves or tends to move relative to theother.3.1.3 static coeffcient of friction, nthe coefficient offriction corresponding to the maximum friction force that mustbe overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between twobodies.3.1.4 triboelemen
9、t, none of two or more solid bodieswhich comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or abody subjected to impingement or cavitation.3.1.5 tribosystem, nany system that contains one or moretriboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-ronmental factors relevant to tribological be
10、havior.3.1.6 tribology, nthe science and technology concernedwith interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,lubrication, wear, and erosion.3.1.7 lubricant, nany substance interposed between twosurfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wearbetween them.4. Summary of Test
11、 Method4.1 This test method can be used to measure the frictioncharacteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding againstthe curved smooth surface of a paper clip.4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip takenfrom a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined planedevice w
12、ith the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip isbalanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in thehorizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until therider breaks away.4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. Thetangent of that angle is the friction coefficient
13、for that tribo-system.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily inmanufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unlesstheir surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the formof a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often veryexpensive
14、 and time consuming to use surface chemical analysistechniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simplefriction test like this one performs this function.5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detectthe presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films1This test meth
15、od is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.Current edition approved Nov 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as G 164 99e1.2For referenced AS
16、TM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4t
17、h Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfacesare lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if thewax is present. It is not used
18、to quantify the amount of wax,only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test tomake sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normallycompared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef-ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with thecoefficient of frictio
19、n of the unlubricated reference specimensto determine if a lubricant is present.6. Apparatus6.1 Friction SliderThe rider in this friction test is aU-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. Thisrider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclinedplane. The material of constru
20、ction is not important, but thecenter of gravity shall be at least 25 mm below the end of thepaper clip. Acrylic sheet has been determined to be a suitablematerial of construction. The paper clip must be uncoated steeland have a smooth (as opposed to serrated or dull) finish. Theoverall dimensions o
21、f suitable paper clips are between 5 and 8mm wide and between 25 and 35 mm long. The wire diametershould be in the range of 0.6 to 0.75 mm. The mass of the slidershould be in the range of 50 to 100 g.6.2 Inclined PlaneThe dimensions and typical construc-tion of the inclined plane test rig are shown
22、in Fig. 1. Theessential requirements of the inclined plane are:6.2.1 The surface of the inclined plane should be smooth(0.2 m Ra surface roughness) rigid and not deformableunder test conditions. Acrylic sheet has been determined to bean acceptable surface.6.2.2 It shall be narrow and high enough to
23、accommodateunobstructed slider motion.6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or itshall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sidedpressure sensitive adhesive.6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered withsmooth uninterrupted motion and it shall have a mean
24、s ofclamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakawayoccurs.6.3 Angle MeasurementThe test metric is the angle incli-nation of the inclined plane (u) when rider motion occurs. Thisangle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of agage on the device. A suitable device for angle measur
25、ement isan electronic level. These devices present a digital anglereadout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to60.1. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shallbe 1.7. Test Procedure7.1 Sample PreparationTest samples shall be the thick-ness of the test material with a widt
26、h between 25 and 35 mmand a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not contaminatethe test with fingerprints or other material that is not normallyfound on the test surface. Outer convolutions of web rolls areoften contaminated by operators holding the film tight whilethe roll is taped. Do not use
27、outer convolutions for testing.7.2 Test MaterialsAny material that will lay flat on theinclined plane may be tested, but the test was developed for theflexible webs used to make photographic film. Do not use thistest for sandpaper and the like that will damage the papercliprider during the test.7.3
28、Test ConditionsConduct tests with relative humiditybetween 35 and 55 % and at a temperature of 20 6 5C.Condition samples for 24 h in the test atmosphere prior totesting.7.4 Mounting the WebMount the test web with a clamp oradhere it in such a manner that it is flat to the inclined planewith no wrink
29、les or bows. If the sample is taped to the inclinedplane, do not put the tape in the test area.7.5 Conducting the TestClamp the test rig to a levelhorizontal surface. Raise the sample plane to an arbitraryangle; place the rider (paper-clip) on the inclined plane so thatonly the paper clip touches th
30、e test surface. If the rider slidesdown the plane, lower the plane and repeat placement of therider on the test surface. If the rider still freely slides repeat theprocedure until the rider no longer moves on the inclined plane.Repeat this operation until the maximum angle is determined(to the preci
31、sion desired) at which point the rider fails to slide.FIG. 1 ApparatusG 164 99 (2004)27.5.1 Repeat the procedure twice more on a different area ofthe test sample. Calculate the arithmetic average of the threeangle determinations. Take the tangent of the average and thisis the test result, a unitless
32、 static coefficient of friction for apaperclip/film tribosystem.s5 tan uavg of 3 determinations(1)8. Report8.1 Test DataThe following values shall be recorded:8.1.1 The name and number of the test sample,8.1.2 Identify the test surface,8.1.3 The average friction coefficient(s) of the surface(s)teste
33、d,8.1.4 The number of samples tested, and8.1.5 The temperature and relative humidity of the test.8.2 Interpretation of ResultsTotally unlubricated cellulosetriacetate films generally produce static friction coefficients inexcess of 0.4. Effective lubricants, well applied, will generallyproduce stati
34、c coefficients of friction of 0.15 or lower. Howeverthe presence of lubrication can only be determined withcertainty if the paper clip test is conducted on a control samplewith known lubrication. This test is intended to identifysurfaces that are supposed to be lubricated and are not, or ifthey are
35、improperly lubricated.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe test variability in interlaboratory testson three lubricated (carnauba wax) and unlubricated plasticwebs is shown in Table 1. The research report includes agraphical presentation of all of the test results.49.1.1 The within-laboratory varia
36、tion was essentially 10 %or less; the between-laboratory variation was in the range of 17to 27 %.9.2 BiasThere is no absolute value of a friction coeffi-cient. It is a product of a particular tribosystem. Therefore, thevalue can have no bias. Some of the factors in this test methodthat can cause rep
37、roducibility and repeatability problems are asfollows:9.2.1 Contamination of the test surfaces,9.2.2 A burr or nick on the rider,9.2.3 Irregular motion (jerking) in raising or lowering theplane,9.2.4 Temperature or humidity differences,9.2.5 A buckle or bubble of the web in the path of the rider,and
38、9.2.6 Air currents directed on the rider.10. Keywords10.1 friction testing; photographic films; plastic sheet; staticcoefficient of friction; websASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
39、 this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five
40、 years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical co
41、mmittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
42、19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Interlaboratory test results are a
43、vailable from ASTM Headquarters. RequestRR: G02-1011.TABLE 1 Interlaboratory Test Data-Statistical Analysis SummaryNOTEThe within-laboratory coefficient of variation ranged from 5 to 10.6 %; between laboratory ranged from 16.9 to 27.7 %.Interlatoratory Friction Measurements (s)Between LaboratoryTest
44、 Surface Laboratory 1 Laboratory 2 Laboratory 3 Laboratory 4 Laboratory 5 Average Standard DeviationPVC 0.54 0.44 0.7 0.61 0.59 0.587 0.097PVC plus wax 0.18 0.12 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.23 0.064Pet 0.13 0.27 0.31 0.33 0.27 0.26 0.075Pet plus wax 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.024PTFE 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.1 0.14 0.1 0.029PTFE plus wax 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.09 0.076 0.024G 164 99 (2004)3
