1、Designation: F2955 12Standard Guide forTraining for Level III Rope Rescue (R3) RescuerEndorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with,and as an add-on to, Guides F2751, F2752, and F2954 (orequivalent for other en
3、vironments), to address the specificknowledge and skills required for a rescuer who participates inrope rescue at a higher level of responsibility and complexity.1.1.1 Specifically, this guide is intended to define thetraining that would prepare an endorsed Level III RopeRescuer (LRT-R3) or equivale
4、nt to support or direct a team inadvanced rope rescue functions, including pre-planning andsize-up of rope rescue operations, designing and directing theconstruction of rope systems for moving a victim in low andhigh angle environments, directing the construction and opera-tion of highline and relat
5、ed rope systems, and performingadvanced rope rigging functions, in conjunction with otherrescue duties.1.1.2 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer as related to general, field,and rope rescue-specific knowledge and skills.1.2 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer pe
6、rforms rope rescues inlow and high angle terrain and is capable of directing LRT-R1and LRT-R2 Rescuers.1.2.1 This guide alone does not provide the minimumtraining requirements for performing or assisting in rescuesthat occur in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or onwater, in confined spac
7、es, or underground (such as in caves,mines, and tunnels).1.2.2 This guide alone does not provide the minimumtraining requirements for climbing Class 5 or higher rockand/or ice to perform a rescue.1.3 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer is required to haveknowledge and skill sets pertaining to technically adv
8、ancedsubject evacuation. These include but are not limited toadvanced knots and rigging, functioning as a litter tender in ahigh angle lowering or raising operation, and directing a teamin the rescue of a subject suspended in a high angle environ-ment.1.4 Type III teams, as defined in Classification
9、 F1993,which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are Kind A(wilderness), Kind B (urban), and Kind C (mountainous).1.4.1 Further training may be required before an endorsedLRT-R3 Rescuer can actually participate on a particular kind ofrope rescue team, depending on the authority having jurisd
10、ic-tion (AHJ) regulations or policies.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory li
11、mitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope RescueOperationsF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of
12、Human Search and RescueResourcesF2047 Practice for Workers Compensation Coverage ofEmergency Services VolunteersF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land RescueTeam Member (LRT-Support) MemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Res
13、cue (R1)Rescuer EndorsementF2954 Guide for Training for Level II Rope Rescue (R2)Rescuer Endorsement3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology F1773, Guide F1633, Classification F1993, PracticeF2047, and other references within this guide.1This guide is under the
14、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. DOI: 10.1520/F2955-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
15、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Except wher
16、e noted, this document shall use terminol-ogy as found in Guides F2752 and F2954.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Rope Rescuer, Level III (LRT-R3), na member or aleader of a rope rescue team who, at a minimum, meets therequirements of this guide. These requirements define the
17、advanced rope rescue knowledge, skills, and capabilities.3.3.2 low angle, nterrain whose average slope has anangle of 30 to 50 from horizontal.3.3.3 high angle, nterrain whose average slope has anangle of greater than 50 from horizontal.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a minimum sta
18、ndard for trainingrope rescuers as it relates to their rope rescue specific knowl-edge and skills. A person trained to this guide is an endorsedLevel III Rope Rescuer (LRT-R3 Rescuer).4.1.1 Every person who is identified as an endorsed LRT-R3Rescuer shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.1.
19、2 This guide is only the third level of training for roperescue personnel and, in conjunction with Guides F2209,F2751, F2752, and F2954, only establishes the minimumknowledge and skills required for a person to perform or leadadvanced rope rescue. No other advanced skills are included orimplied.4.1.
20、3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide,an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall also be adequately trainedto operate effectively and safely in the environment in which heis expected to work (that is, wilderness, urban, industrial, andso forth).4.1.4 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ fr
21、om addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.2 Endorsement to Level III Rope Rescue (LRT-R3 Res-cuer) is an indication that a person possesses adequate fieldskills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions. Aperson so endorsed is qualified to support or direct a roperescue team in a
22、n area with high fall exposure and/or fallinghazard potential, including high angle environments.4.3 This guide by itself is not a complete training document.It is only an outline of the topics required for training orevaluating an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer. It may, however, beused in the development
23、of, or as part of, a complete trainingdocument or program.4.3.1 This guide does not stand alone. It must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer or for an AHJ toproperly evaluate a training program or text.4.4 Though this guide est
24、ablishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer is a“trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of anorganization. It is the responsibility of theAHJ to determine therequirements and qualifications for member ratings.4.5 Because technical rope rescue is
25、inherently dangerous,and rope rescuers are frequently required to perform rigorousactivities in adverse conditions, regional and national safetystandards shall be included in agency and organization policiesand procedures. An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall completeall activities based on an analysis
26、of risk versus benefit, andshall follow applicable and mandated safety standards.4.6 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the topics necessary fortraining an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer. Likewise, this guide canbe used to evaluate an existing training program
27、 to see if itmeets the requirements of this guide.4.7 The knowledge and skills requirements in the followingsections are not presented in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.4.8 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it is upto the AHJ to determine the best way to
28、evaluate a personsknowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam,demonstration, or by some combination of the three.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements:5.1.1 As a prerequisite, an endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shallpossess some training, certification, or endorsement in theenvironme
29、nt in which he or she is expected to work (urban,wilderness, mountainous, and so forth).5.1.2 For Land Rescue Personnel, meeting the requirementsof Guides F2751, F2752, and F2954 shall be consideredsufficient for meeting the requirements of 5.1.1.5.1.3 The AHJ shall verify that the endorsee possesse
30、s bothattitude and aptitude for working and directing a rope rescueteam at height, for example, he or she must be comfortablewith exposure, have the ability to move safely and effectivelyin the working environment, have the ability to lead a team ina vertical environment, and have the ability to ser
31、ve as a safetyofficer in rope rescue operations.5.2 Personal Equipment:5.2.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall possess and carry,at a minimum, sufficient Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)and rope rescue equipment to maintain personal safety whileworking on or around a rope rescue. Suitability of eq
32、uipmentshall be verified by the AHJ to include but not be limited to:5.2.1.1 Head protection (helmet).5.2.1.2 Hand protection (gloves).5.2.1.3 Harness.5.2.1.4 Slings/lanyards (for personal use).5.2.1.5 Ascending equipment.5.2.1.6 Eye protection (glasses/goggles/shield).5.2.1.7 Adequate clothing.5.2.
33、1.8 Connectors (carabiners).5.2.1.9 Descending equipment.5.2.2 Additional rope rescue equipment necessary for anendorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer to safely participate in or lead a roperescue varies by type of rope rescue, team assignment, season,environment, and terrain.5.2.3 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall
34、 explain the rea-sons to carry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, allpersonal rope rescue equipment required by the AHJ.5.2.4 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be able to inspectPPE and personal rope rescue equipment for the purpose ofidentifying wear, damage, and operational readiness.F2955 122
35、5.2.5 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to perform rope rescue equipment maintenanceprocedures, including cleaning, as well as maintenance ofequipment logs and records.5.3 Team Equipment:5.3.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall have an expertknowledge of team rope rescue equipmen
36、t identified andcommonly used by the AHJ (not including equipment requiredfor climbing Class 5 or higher rock and/or ice). Such equip-ment may include, but is not limited to, the following:5.3.1.1 Medical equipment.5.3.1.2 Patient packaging equipment.5.3.1.3 Ropes.5.3.1.4 Slings.5.3.1.5 Rope grab de
37、vices.5.3.1.6 Litters.5.3.1.7 Communications equipment.5.3.1.8 Lowering devices.5.3.1.9 Hauling or raising devices.5.3.1.10 Connectors and other hardware.5.3.2 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall explain the rea-sons to carry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, all teamrope rescue equipment require
38、d by the AHJ including, at aminimum, those items listed in 5.2.1 and 5.3.1.5.3.3 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be able to inspectteam rope rescue equipment used by the AHJ to identify wear,damage, and operational readiness for, at a minimum, thoseitems listed in 5.2.1 and 5.3.1.5.3.4 An endorsed
39、LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to perform appropriate maintenance procedures on roperescue equipment used by the AHJ. These shall includecleaning and packing, as well as maintenance of applicablelogs and records for, at a minimum, those items listed in 5.2.1and 5.3.1.5.4 Communications:
40、5.4.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be familiar withand conversant in the use of whistle signals as found in GuideF1768 or as required by the AHJ.5.4.2 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be familiar withand conversant in the use of hand signals as required by theAHJ.6. Rope Rescue Concepts and Capa
41、bilities6.1 Rope Rescue Concepts:6.1.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate anunderstanding of the principles of physics involved in con-structing rope rescue systems, including, but not limited to, thefollowing:6.1.1.1 System safety factors.6.1.1.2 Critical (force-multiplying) angles.6.1.1.
42、3 Causes and effects of force multipliers.6.1.1.4 Identification of the weakest component or link inany rescue system.6.2 Rope Rescue Capabilities:6.2.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be self-sustainingand be able to safely and effectively direct a rope rescueoperation in the teams normal area of
43、operations for a periodof at least 12 hours.6.2.2 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to safely and effectively direct a team in performingrope rescue duties within an incident management system.6.2.3 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall be able to performany of the common rope rescu
44、e team functions including, butnot limited to, the following:6.2.3.1 Raising/lowering system operator.6.2.3.2 Litter attendant.6.2.3.3 Safety officer.6.2.3.4 Belay operator.6.2.3.5 Edge attendant.6.2.3.6 Team leader.6.3 Rope Rescue Techniques:6.3.1 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theabi
45、lity to locate and safely access a patient using techniquesthat require him or her to be raised or lowered on high anglesurfaces, which may expose the rescuer to a significant fallhazard.6.3.2 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall have advancedknot tying skills.6.3.3 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall unde
46、rstand ad-vanced anchoring concepts and shall be expert in rigging singleand multi-point anchors.6.3.4 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in the construction of a fixed ropesystem.6.3.5 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in
47、the placement of edge protection.6.3.6 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in the placement of rope protectionalong the path of the rope, should it be necessary.6.3.7 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in the construction of
48、a simple ropemechanical advantage system.6.3.8 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in the construction of compound andcomplex rope mechanical advantage systems.6.3.9 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to direct a team in the selection and con
49、struction of ahighline/guiding line/offset rope system.6.3.10 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to operate, and direct a team in the operation of, ahighline/guiding line/offset rope system.6.3.11 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to utilize litter attendants within a highline/guidingline/offset rope system.6.3.12 An endorsed LRT-R3 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to utilize, and direct a team in the utilization of, ahighline/guiding line/offset rope system to transport rescuers,equipment, and/or an occupied litter.6.3.13 An endo
