1、Designation: F706 96 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Practice forDetermination of Fusion Temperature of Dry ElectrostaticHeat-Fixing Toners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F706; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure that is used to deter-mine the fusion temperature of dry electro
3、static heat-fixingtoners using a micro hot stage.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
4、gulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 forspecific precautionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2117 Test Methods for Carbon BlackSurface Area byNitrogen Adsorption3F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic Imaging3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to
5、This Standard:3.1.1 fusion pointin a dry electrostatic heat fixing toner,the minimum temperature at which the solid material starts toexhibit a plastic flow.4. Significance and Use4.1 Dry electrostatic heat-fixing toners may be composed ofpolymer binders, black pigments, and other such additives tha
6、tare necessary for the proper performance for the use intended,particularly in those copiers using heat-fusing techniques forimage fixing. Toners characteristically do not have a sharpmelting point but instead exhibit a broad temperature range ofmelting.4.2 The user should be aware that the fusion p
7、oint is one ofseveral physical characteristics of certain heat-fixing toners.Similar fusion temperature results obtained through this prac-tice on two different toners (between lots or from one manu-facturer to another) should not be considered a guarantee ofequal performance characteristics when su
8、bsequently utilizedin a copier.5. Apparatus5.1 Micro Hot Stage and Microscope, controlled, of 40 to503 power4or suitable alternative.56. Materials6.1 Test Reagent Set, containing substances with knownmicromelting points for checking the accuracy of the micro hotstage thermometer.67. Precautions7.1 T
9、he user should be aware that not all heat-fixing tonersexhibit a uniform plastic flow. Some toners will exhibit a rapidinitial plastic flow while other toners may exhibit a slower,gradual plastic flow.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is t
10、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F70696 (2006). DOI:10.1520/F0706-96R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
11、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4The sole sourc
12、e of supply of the apparatus (Kofler Micro Hot Stage) known tothe committee at this time is Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA. (Allequipment necessary for this test, including the microscope and the variabletransformer, are included.) If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethi
13、s information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.5The Fisher-Johns instrument or the Mettler FP-2, operated in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions and used with a micro
14、scope of 40 to 503 power hasbeen found suitable for use.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeisArthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ment
15、s will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Sampling8.1 The dry toner to be tested should be free of any clumpsof to
16、ner. Should any clumps of toner be present that cannot bebroken up under the gentle pressure of a spatula, reject thetoner sample and choose another.9. Calibration9.1 The micro hot stage apparatus and the thermometershould be checked regularly with test reagents having knownmelting points. To ensure
17、 maximum accuracy, record at leastthree readings over the range of the thermometer. Make acalibration chart using a minimum of three readings and plotthe actual reading obtained against the correct temperaturefound for the thermometer used.9.2 The dial of the heat control (variable transformer) of t
18、hemicro hot stage apparatus is generally graduated. Therefore, itis essential that the temperature gradient produced by thevarious settings of the control be predetermined to enable aspecific heating to be maintained when making fusion pointdeterminations. These temperature gradients should be perio
19、di-cally checked and any revisions with regard to the heat controldial and rate of heating should be recorded.10. Procedure10.1 Using a spatula, transfer several grains of the toner tobe tested onto a microscope slide or cover glass, dropping thetoner to form a pile on one spot.10.2 Cover the toner
20、sample with a cover glass and carefullyplace the sample assembly on the micro hot stage. Follow themanufacturers instructions on use of the micro hot plate,regarding any other special instructions.10.3 Adjust the microscope (lamp or mirror, or both) forbest viewing and focus the microscope to bring
21、the selectedtoner sample into sharp detail using 40 to 503 power. Do notchange the focus during the following steps.710.4 Turn on the micro hot stage heat control (variabletransformer) and set the control so that the stage will heat towithin 10C below the expected fusion point of the sample ata rate
22、 of approximately 3C/min.10.5 When the stage reaches approximately 10C below theexpected fusion point, reset the heat control so that thetemperature of the stage increases approximately 2C/min.10.6 Using the microscope, observe the toner sample on thehot stage and record the temperature at the point
23、 where fusionhas started.10.7 Where applicable, use temperature corrections to ad-just the readings recorded. Record both the observed fusionpoint temperature and the corrected fusion temperature (ifapplicable).10.8 It is suggested that the user also include as a controlreference, a toner of a known
24、 fusion point temperature. Thisreference toner will serve as a check on the method for possiblevariation in either the equipment or the observed end point.This reference toner should not vary for fusion point tempera-ture by more than 62C from previous tests established on thereference toner.11. Rep
25、ort11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Observed fusion point temperature,11.1.2 Corrected fusion point temperature (if applicable),and11.1.3 Description of reference toner (if used).12. Keywords12.1 fusion point; melt point; tonersASTM International takes no position respecting the va
26、lidity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is su
27、bject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headqu
28、arters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This stand
29、ard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or ser
30、viceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).7A suggested microscope is available from Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia,PA, catalog number 6548-516. Any suitable alternative microscope is acceptablethat has a magnification range from 40 to 503 power.F706 96 (2011)2
