1、Designation: F1956 13Standard Specification forRescue Carabiners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers six mechanical tests, onecorrosion resistance test, and the minimum performance re-quirements for these tests. This specification applies t
3、o cara-biners designed specifically for use by rescue personnel duringboth training exercises and actual rescue operations. Thisspecification does not apply to recreational use carabiners.1.2 Two different types of carabiners are defined in thisspecification, a heavy-duty rescue carabiner and a ligh
4、t-dutyrescue carabiner.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 Tests contained herein are destructive in nature. Cara-biners subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in anyway after testing except in evaluation the results of suchtesting.1.5 This specificatio
5、n does not imply approval of anymethod of use of rescue carabiners. In addition, the testsdescribed are laboratory tests and do not duplicate fieldconditions. Furthermore, the test load values contained hereinare not to be interpreted as the forces which a rescue carabinermay be subjected to, or may
6、 be expected to sustain, in actualfield use.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate
7、safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 carabinera l
8、oad-bearing, connective device with aself-closing gate.3.1.2 heavy-duty rescue carabinera carabiner that meetsthe specifications for a heavy-duty rescue carabiner as definedin Section 9.3.1.3 light-duty rescue carabinera carabiner that meetsthe specifications for a light-duty rescue carabiner as def
9、ined inSection 9.3.1.4 locking carabinera carabiner with a locking mecha-nism which reduces the possibility of a gate being openedinadvertently. A locking mechanism requires at least twodifferent consecutive manual actions to open the gate (seeAppendix X2).3.1.5 non-locking carabinerany carabiner th
10、at does nothave a locking mechanism that reduces the possibility of a gatebeing opened inadvertently.3.1.6 rescue carabinera carabiner intended for life sup-port in rescue systems. It may be classified as heavy-type orlight duty.3.1.7 ultimate strengththe maximum force sustained by acarabiner during
11、 an ultimate force test, prior to failure.3.1.7.1 failurethe point at which some part of the cara-biner physically breaks or distorts to an extent that the testmembers are released.4. Requirements4.1 Product information shall include the following items:4.1.1 Manufacturers or Distributors Name or Lo
12、goAclear indication as to who is responsible for the primarymanufacture or distribution, or both, of the product.4.1.2 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate StrengthA clearindication as to the major axis gate closed strength by eithersymbol or pictorial representation.4.1.3 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate
13、 StrengthA clearindication as to the minor axis gate closed ultimate strength byeither symbol or pictorial representation.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.01 on Equipment,Testing, and Maintena
14、nce.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2013. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1956 - 99 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/F1956-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.4 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate StrengthA clearindication as to
16、the major axis gate open ultimate strength byeither symbol or pictorial representation.4.1.5 Lot NumberA manufacturers or distributors lotnumber.4.1.6 Either symbol or pictorial representation to read themanufacturers or distributors instructions.4.2 Lettering, symbols, and pictorial representations
17、 shall bedurably affixed to the carabiner.4.3 Lettering, symbols, and pictorial representations shall bea minimum of 2 mm (564 in.) in height.5. Significance and Use5.1 Gate Function Load TestThis test verifies that the gatecan be opened (with the gate locking mechanism in theunlocked position) and
18、that the gate can not be opened (withthe gate locking mechanism in the locked position) whileloaded with Function Test Force #1 along the major axis.5.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load TestThis testverifies that the gate locking mechanism can be unlocked, afterFunction Test Force #2 has been ap
19、plied along the major axisand released.5.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load TestThis testverifies that the gate functions as originally intended, afterFunction Test Force #3 has been applied and released.5.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestThistest is intended to show the ultimate s
20、trength of the carabinerin the major axis with the gate closed.5.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength TestThis testis intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabiner in themajor axis with the gate open.5.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestThistest is intended to show the ulti
21、mate strength of the carabinerin the minor axis with the gate closed.5.7 Corrosion TestThis test is intended to verify that thecarabiner is produced from a corrosion-resistant material, oradequately covered with a protective coating.6. Apparatus and Conditions6.1 Tensile Test MachineThe tension test
22、ing machine shallbe maintained in good operation condition, used only in theproper loading range, and calibrated periodically in accordancewith the latest revision of Practices E4.6.2 Test Fixtures and Supplies:6.2.1 There are four test pins required, two test pins with 66 0.05-mm radii and two test
23、 pins with 5 6 0.05-mm radii.Test pins must be AISI SAE Type 01 Tool Steel (commonlypurchased as 01 Drill Rod) heat treated to a minimumRockwell hardness, C scale 60. The mean surface roughness,Ra must not exceed 0.8 m and the peak to valley height.Rmax, must not exceed 6.3 m. The fixture must be de
24、signedto prevent the test pins from rotating and so that the carabineris free to locate itself on the test pins when force is applied. SeeFigs. 1 and 2.NOTE 1Test pin cross section is not required to be round. Any crosssection necessary to prevent test pin failure or any design to prevent testpin ro
25、tation is acceptable, as long as the contact point (between test pinand carabiner) of the test pin has the specified radius, material type,hardness, and surface roughness.6.2.2 Molybdenum-Based Grease.6.3 Test Conditions:6.3.1 The ambient temperature, test samples, test fixture,and supplies shall be
26、 between 15 and 23C 59 and 73F.6.3.2 All six mechanical tests must be conducted with theforce applied parallel to the gravitational pull of the earth.FIG. 1 Major Axis Test SetupFIG. 2 Test FixtureF1956 1327. HazardsCarabiners may disengage or eject parts from the test fixture.Use a safety screen an
27、d wear safety glasses while testing.Do not perform these tests alone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SelectionRandomly select the carabiners inaccordance with 8.2.2. Each user of this test method mayspecify the lot size from which the carabiners are to beselected.8.2 Number of Samples:8.2.1 The same number of
28、 carabiners must be used for eachof the tests in this specification.8.2.2 A minimum of five carabiners will be used, insequence, for the Gate Function Load Test, Gate LockingMechanism Function Load Test, Major Axis Gate ClosedFunction Load Test, and Major Axis Gate Closed UltimateStrength Test. A mi
29、nimum of five carabiners will be used forthe Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength Test. A minimumof five carabiners will be used for the Minor Axis Gate ClosedUltimate Strength Test. A minimum of five carabiners will beused for the Corrosion Test.8.2.3 Label the randomly selected carabiners 1 thro
30、ugh X(X being the total number of carabiners selected).9. Performance Specifications9.1 Gate Function Load Test:9.1.1 With the gate locking mechanism in the unlockedposition and Function Test Force #1 applied along the majoraxis, each carabiner gate shall open and close as designed andwith the same
31、quality and performance as before the test. Theuse of tools or any device other than finger pressure is notallowed.9.1.2 With the gate locking mechanism in the locked posi-tion and Function Test Force #1 applied along the major axis,the gate must not open. (The use of tools or any device otherthan f
32、inger pressure is not allowed.)9.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load TestWhen alocking carabiners gate locking mechanism is advanced toitss fully locked position, while the Function Test Force #2 isapplied along the major axis. The gate locking mechanismmust be able to be returned to its unlocked
33、 position after theforce is removed. (The use of tools or any device other thanfinger pressure is not allowed.)9.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load TestEach ofthe carabiners subjected to Function Test Force #3 shall showno evidence of distortion that impairs the designed functionafter the test i
34、s conducted.9.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength TestEachof the carabiners subjected to this test shall have an ultimatestrength equal to or greater than the major axis gate closedminimum ultimate strength listed in Table 1.9.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength TestEach ofthe carabiners
35、 subjected to this test shall have an ultimatestrength equal to or greater than the major axis gate openminimum ultimate strength listed in Table 1.9.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate StrengthEach of thecarabiners subjected to this test shall have an ultimate strengthequal to or greater than the min
36、or axis gate closed minimumultimate strength listed in Table 19.7 Corrosion TestEach of the carabiners subjected to thecorrosion test shall not have more than light-surface corrosionfollowing the test. In addition, each carabiner gate shall openand close with the same quality and performance as befo
37、re thetest. (The use of tools or any device other than finger pressureis not allowed.) Furthermore, each gate locking mechanismmust be able to move through its full range of travel with thesame quality and performance as before the test. (The use oftools or any device other than finger pressure is n
38、ot allowed.)10. Procedure10.1 Gate Function Load Test:10.1.1 Open and close the gate and gate locking mechanismto feel the action of each carabiner prior to conducting this test.Record any interferences in the report.10.1.2 Apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins atthe point of contact betwee
39、n the test pins and the carabiner.10.1.3 Unlock the gate locking mechanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.10.1.4 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of 56 1 mm/min until Function Test
40、Force #1 is reached.10.1.5 While maintaining the force, open and close the gateand check that the gate functions as it did prior to theapplication of Test Force #1. (The use of tools or any deviceother than finger pressure is not allowed.) Record whether thegate opens or close, or both, and the actu
41、al test force applied tothe carabiner in the report.10.1.6 While maintaining the force, lock the gate lockingmechanism. (The use of tools or any device other than fingerpressure is not allowed.) Verify that with the gate lockingmechanism in the locked position, the gate does not open. (TheTABLE 1 Fu
42、nction Test Forces and Minimum Ultimate StrengthsCarabiner TypeFunction Test ForcesAMinimum Ultimate Strength#1 #2 #3Major AxisGate ClosedMajor AxisGate OpenMinor AxisGate ClosedHeavy-Duty Rescuecarabiner1.33 kN300 lbf10.68 kN2400 lbf26.69 kN6000 lbf40.03 kN9000 lbf, min10.68 kN2400 lbf, min10.68 kN
43、 2400 lbf,minLight-Duty rescuecarabiner0.8 kN180 lbf7kN1575 lbf14 kN3145 lbf20 kN4495 lbf, min7kN1575 lbf, min7kN1575 lbf, minA5%.F1956 133use of tools or any device other than finger pressure is notallowed.) Record whether the gate opens in the report.10.1.7 Release the test force at a rate of 120
44、mm/minmaximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner.10.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load Test:10.2.1 Using the same carabiners as used in 10.1. Applymolybdenum-based grease to the test pins at the point ofcontact between the test pins and the carabiner.10.2.2 Unlock th
45、e gate locking mechanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pins.10.2.3 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of10 6 5 mm/min until Function Test Force #2 is reached.10.2.4 While maintaining the
46、force, lock the gate mecha-nism. (The use of tools or any device other than finger pressureis not allowed.) Record the actual test force applied to thecarabiner in the report.10.2.5 Release the test force at a rate of 120 mm/min,maximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner
47、.10.2.6 Unlock the gate locking mechanism. (The use oftools of any device other than finger pressure is not allowed.)Record whether the gate locking mechanism can be returned toits unlocked position in the report.10.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load Test:10.3.1 Using the same carabiners as used
48、 in 10.1 and 10.2,apply molybdenum-based grease to the test pins at the point ofcontact between the test pins and the carabiner.10.3.2 Unlock the gate locking mechanism and position thecarabiner on the 6-mm radius test pins, as shown in Fig. 1.Position the spine of the carabiner against the test pin
49、s.10.3.3 Load the carabiner along the major axis at a rate of20 6 5 mm/min until Function Test Force #3 is reached.10.3.4 Release the test force at a rate of 120 mm/min,maximum, as necessary, so as not to cause shock loading on thecarabiner.10.3.5 Open and close the gate and check the carabiner forevidence of distortion that impairs the designed function.Record whether the gate functions and also note any distortionto the carabiner that impairs the designed function in the report.10.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultim
